first section Flashcards
1
Q
pathology is
A
the bridge between clinical science and basic science
2
Q
pathos means
A
suffering
3
Q
define etiology
A
cause of disease
4
Q
infectious inflammation of lungs
A
influenza pneumonia
black pneumonia
5
Q
influenza is an etiological agent of
A
influenza pneumonia
6
Q
dramatic inflammation of the bladder
A
acute cystitis
7
Q
gram negative bacilli that causes acute cyctitis
A
E. coli
8
Q
E.coli is an etiological agent for
A
acute cystitis
9
Q
what is an idiopathic disease
A
diseases with unknown cause
10
Q
what percent of disease has a known etiology
A
25%
11
Q
Idiopathic ankylosing spondylitis aka
A
bamboo spine
12
Q
autoimmune
idiopathic
inflammation of joints leads to vertebral body fusion
severe back pain- do not adjust
A
idiopathic ankylosing spondylitis
13
Q
DISH
Forestier’s disease
A
Hyperostosis
14
Q
non inflammatory ossification of the ALL
A
DISH
Hypterostosis
Forestiers
15
Q
Categories of etiology
A
Genetic
Congenital
Aquired
16
Q
individuals genes are responsible for the structural or functional defect
A
genetic etiology
17
Q
chorea form syndrome
A
huntingtons disease
18
Q
onset 30-35 years death 10-15 years following loss of motor function due to loss of striatal nuclei in the midbrain dementia chorea
A
huntingtons disease
genetic etiology
19
Q
rapid jerkky involuntary movements of face and extremities
A
chorea
20
Q
trisomy 21 characteristic appearance greater chance of having a child with syndrome if older than 35 yrs no cervical adjustments chromosomal abnormality
A
downs syndrome
genetic etiology
21
Q
Genetic information is intact but other factors in the embryo’s intrauterine environment interfere with normal development.
A
Congenital etiology
22
Q
What is a teratogen?
A
Agent that causes physical abnormality in a developing embryo
23
Q
What causes toxoplasmosis?
A
Protozoan toxoplasma Gondi
Cat poop
24
Q
What is a good example of teratogenic effect?
A
Rubella
25
What is recommended for women who have rubella
Abortion
26
Birth defect resulting from high alcohol consumption by mother
Fetal alcohol syndrome
| congenital etiology
27
What time is highest teratogenic effect for fetal development
First three days
| First trimester
28
Alcohol effects what process of cells
Mitosis
29
What sleeping drug created by Pfizer was give top regnant women to prevent morning sickness
Thalidomide
| congenital etiology
30
What is the teratogenic effect of thalidomide?
Babies born with one eye and only limb buds
31
What are acquired etiological effects
Herpetic rash
Emphysema
Parameningeal infection
32
What causes shingles
Varicella-zoster virus
33
Lung consolidation due to rupture and damage of alveoli
Emphysema
34
Brain abscess due to improper popping of pimples
Parameningeal infection
35
What bacteria is responsible for parameningeal infection
Staphylococcus aureus
| S. Pyogens
36
Who does infection get into the brain
Communication of veins for the face and brain
37
Parameningeal infection can result in
Death
Spread of infection
Damage scarring
38
What is a symptom
Subjective findings
| Pain, nausea, HA
39
What is a sign
Objective finding
| High bp, rash
40
Collection/group of signs and symptoms associated with particular disease
Syndrome
41
Vasospastic contractions of distal vessels
Raynaud's syndrome
42
Order of raynauds syndrome
1-->contract arteries--> fingers/toes appear WHITE
2-->contract veins-->fingers/toes appear BLUE
3--> relax of vessels--> finger/toes appear RED
43
Autoimmune
Middle Ages women (over 35)
Totally dryness of mucous membranes due to damage of exocrine glands
Bilateral parotitis
Sjögren's syndrome
44
Typical manifestation of Sjögren's syndrome
```
Xerostomia= dry mouth-->damage of sublingual gland teeth rot
Xerophthalmia= dry eyes --> damage of lacrimal gland corneal ulcer
```
45
What is bilateral parotitis?
Inflamed parotid glands (largest salivary gland)
46
Pattern of disease development
Pathogenesis
47
an illness that develops rapidlly
short duration (5-7 Days)
virus or cold
acute disease
48
slow and serious development
symptoms persist for a long time
duration is greater than 6 weeks
TB
chronic disease
49
confined to one organ/region of the body
| ie stomach cancer
local disease
50
involves multiple organs or systems
| ie metastasized stomach cancer
systemic disease
51
limited to one or more distant sites within a diseased organ
ie on tumor in stomach
on bite of an apple
focal damage
52
uniformly distributed damage within a diseased organ
ie entire stomach is cancerous
half eaten apple
diffuse disease
53
ID of patients specific disease
diagnosis
54
prediction of a particular disease's outcome
prognosis
55
cause of cell injury
deficiency
intoxification
trauma
56
types of deficient cell injury
primary nutrient
| secondary nutrient
57
lack of substances to the cell
deficiency cell injury
58
simple absence of nutrient components in food
pellagra
casels necklace deratitis
primary nutrient deficiency
59
vitamin B3 deficiency
pellagra
60
components are in the food but cannot be absorbed
secondary nutrient deficiency
61
normal RBC production in bone marrow and normal nerve cell metabolism requries
B12
62
B12 must be combined with what to be carried into the blood
intrinsic factor
63
presence of substance that interferes with cell function
intoxification
64
types of intoxification
```
exogenous
endogenous
genetic
ionizing
accumulation
```
65
gets into the body from the outside
exogenous
66
types of exogenous intoxification
microbes
chemicals
overdose
67
toxins produced within the body
endogenous toxins
68
if a normal metabolic reaction is disrupted what can happen
intermediate can accumulate because of missing enzyme and becomes toxic
intermediate can be used in an alternate pathway because of missing enzyme which the product can be toxic
69
accumulation of a normal metabolite within the body can cause
alkaptonuria
| homogentisic acid
70
activation of an alternate pathway in a metabolic cycle
phenylketonuria
71
normally phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine
however oxidase is not produced causing the intermediate homogentisic acid (aka alkapton) not to be converted
homogentisic acid accumulates and is excreted in urine causing it to turn black
alkaptonuria
72
if homogentisic acid accumulates in specific tissues it is called
onchronosis
73
where is the common site of accumulation of homogentisic acid
cartilage
74
what happens when there is an extreme excess of homogentisic acid in cartilage
leads to OA and severe degeneration
75
if alkapton (homogentisic acid) is deposited in the ears
ears appear blue
76
calcification of IVD is common with
accumulation of homogentisic acid (alkapton)
77
normally 50% of phenylalanine is used and 50% converted to tyrosine
nonprod of enzyme hydroxylase results in a switch to alt pathway--> production of phenylpyruvic acid, phenyllactic acid and phenylacetic acid
results in serious mental underdev
low IQ
phenylketonuria
78
can result in free radicals that can destroy cell membranes
ionizing radiation
79
3 major factors of gout
gouty arthritis
deposition of uric acid salts in joints
deposition of salts in kidneys= renal failure
