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Political Science > Second Midterm POLI 381 > Flashcards

Second Midterm POLI 381 Flashcards

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1
Q

Constructivism

A
  • Post positivist approach, critique of the scientific positivist approach
  • Act brings a subject/object in to being that otherwise wouldn’t exist
  • Social theory, not a substantive theory. Doesn’t make claims about patterns of of world politics.
  • Conceptualize agent structure relationship
  • Best compared with Rational choice: framework for how actors operate with fixed preferences that they attempt to maximize under a set of constraints.
  • Concerned with human consciousness and its role in international life.
  • Social construction of actors, identities, interests. Actors produced by cultural environment
  • Commitment to Idealism ( role of ideas in IR) and Holism or Structuralism ( can’t be broken down in to already existing factors, actors construct, reproduce and transform IR structure through interaction
  • DOES NOT REJECT MATERIAL REALITY: but meaning and construction depend on interpretation
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2
Q

Practices

A

-In constructivism practices are socially meaningful patterns of action which in being performed more/less competently serve to produce and reproduce background knowledge and discourse

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3
Q

Norms

A
  • Regulative: regulate already existing activities
  • Constitutive: create possibility for these for these activities to exist
  • Institutionalization : how much they are taken for granted. rules are not static so they change to guide construct and constrain the identity and interests of actors
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4
Q

Alexander Wendt

A
  • Anarchy is What States Make of it 1992
  • Start of constructivism
  • Challenged neorealists and neoliberals view that identity and interests are given as they are defined by anarchy
  • interests are not given but rather instead identities are the basis for interests and actors define interests in the process of defining situations.
  • Actors, CAN change through self reflection and practices specifically designed to transform their identities and interests
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5
Q

Alexander Wendt on Institutions

A
  • Static sets of structures of identities and interests.
  • Often codified as rules or norms but only have motivational force by virtue of actors socialization/participation in collective knowledge aka their identity
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6
Q

Critiques of Structural Realism in General

A
  • Functional non differentiation between states
  • Anarchy
  • Distribution of Power
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7
Q

John Ruggie’s Critiques of Neorealism

A
  • International system is organized differently at different times
  • Modern way of thinking only includes feudalism and the Westphalian system
  • Neglected sovereignty, the defining principle of modern state system
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8
Q

Richard Ashley Critique of Neorealism

A
  • devoid of ideas, beliefs and values,
  • treats basic concepts of international relations such as sovereignty as natural
  • Fail to recognize how socially and culturally produced within a historical context
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9
Q

Agent Structure Problem

A
  • Alexander Wendt 1987

- How to conceptualize the relationship between agents (states) and structures (international structure)

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10
Q

Three Themes of Construtivism

A

1) Social construction suggests differences across context rather than a single objective reality. Change is possible
2) Constructivists emphasized social dimension of IR and have demonstrated the importance of norms, rules and language at this level
3) International politics is a world of our making

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11
Q

Ontology

A
  • Nature of being, focus on the types of objects the world is composed of
  • Social: Individuals or states cannot be separated from context of normative meaning, shapes who they are and possibilities available to them
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12
Q

Normative v.s Positive

A

-Constructivism is normative value based or subjective ideal standard or model. opinion based ie) can’t prove or disprove. Role of culture, shared values, institutions that are constituve of social structure and social cohesion
Positive: objective or fact Sbased

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13
Q

Realist and Liberal View on Structure

A
  • Function of competition and distribution of material capabilities
  • Structure constrains, states guided by logic of consequences, that is, a rational act is an outcome that maximizes best preferences
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14
Q

Constructivist View on Structure

A
  • Not only constrains but constitutes the identity of actors
  • Focus more on norms/shared understandings of legit behavior.
  • Material factors also play a role and subjects are guided by logic of appropriateness (what is rational is a function of legitimacy where legitimacy is defined by shared vales/norms within institutions or other social structures rather than purely individual.)
  • Right thing in terms of your own identity rather than man given preferences
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15
Q

Mutual Constitution

A
  • Alexander Wendt
  • Not that states in anarchy can on a whim change their circumstance BUT RATHER relationships evolve over time
  • States not characterized across the board
  • Relationships are a product of historical processes and interactions over time, each exercise has an element of choice or agency in how the relationship develops.
  • Space for choice is mutually constituted, focus on SHARED understandings as well as relationship between agent and structure
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16
Q

Social Facts

A
  • Realists and Liberals assume that a static world of a-social egoists who are primarily concerned with material interests
  • C’s depend on human agreement. Require human institutions for their exercise. 5$ bill example
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17
Q

Power

A
  • Ability of one state to compel another to do what it otherwise wouldn’t
  • Constructivists add an ideational component to the material component: legitimacy
  • How the fixing of meaning and construction of identities allocate differential rewards and capacities
  • Ideas persuade rather than compel, ability to persuade dependent on identity
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18
Q

Episteomology

A

-Origin and nature of knowledge

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19
Q

Role of Cognition

A
  • Positivist: objects exist independently of meaning and words just act as labels
  • Hypothesis testing represents the assumption about language

-Constructivist: accept an epistemology indebted to positivism, which includes hypothesis testing, causality and explanation but their main dispute is with ontology: nature of being focuses on the types of objects the world is made up of. Social identity
Constructivists accept positivist epistemology accept causality, hypothesis testing and objective truths. Bridges gaps and allows for some debates

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20
Q

Issues with Constructivism Accepting Positivist Epistemology

A

1) The degree to which they can deduce stable hypotheses. Argue it is doable but hard to come up with examples
2) Whether or not combining social being (ontology) with empirical approach works to generation of objective knowledge.

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21
Q

What does Constructivism bring to IR?

A
  • Brings social aspect: role of identity, issues of culture
  • Possibility of social change
  • Challenges positivist theories in a way that has forced the positivist to refine their theoretical approaches
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22
Q

Speech Acts

A
  • Utterances that have a performative function in language and communication
  • Performative: not passively describing a given reality but are changing social reality they are describing
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23
Q

Securitization

A
  • Ole Waever
  • Examines how language by an actor transforms something in to a matter of security
    1) Securitizing actor or agent: an entity that makes the securitizing move/statement
    2) Referent object, object that is being threatened and needs to be protected
    3) Audience is the target of securitization act that needs to be persuaded and accept the issue as a security threat
  • Doesn’t mean the issue is of necessity to be dealt with anybody can do it but takes an authoritative figure.
  • Multiple sectors where securitization can occur
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24
Q

3 Cultures of Anarchy

A
  • Alexander Wendt
  • Enemy: Hobbesian war against all
  • Rival: Lockean sovereignty, life, liberty,
  • Friendship: Kantian dispute = peaceful resolution
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25
Q

Constructivism and Global Change

A

-World orders created and sustained only by great power preferences but changing understandings of what constitutes a great power

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26
Q

Post Structuralism

A
  • Post positivist, structures constituted through human action
  • Language is essential to how we make sense of the world
  • Do not accept material facts unlike constructivists
  • Discourse, deconstruction, genealogy, intertextuality
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27
Q

Michel Foucalt

A

Discourse

  • Linguistic system that orders statements and concepts
  • Words we use to describe something not neural
  • choice of one over another has political implications
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28
Q

Discourse

A
  • Language is social because you can’t make your thoughts understandable to others, without a shared set of codes
  • Language produces meaning, things do not have an objective meaning independently of how we constitute them in language
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29
Q

Deconstruction

A
  • Language set of codes, means that words or signs make sense only in relation to each other so the issue is the connection of the words or signs
  • To see language as connected signs means language as a structure
  • hence the structural in post structuralism
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30
Q

Jacques Derrida

A

Deconstruction
-Language is made up of dichotomies for example:
developed and under developed
modern and pre-modern
civilized and barbaric
-Dichotomies make something seem objectively described. Structured set of values. Words we use to describe are not value free

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31
Q

Genealogy

A

What political practices have formed the present and which alternative understandings and discourses have been marginalization and often forgotten

  • Over time, things get left out
  • Narrative
  • Michel Foucalt: what political practices have formed the present and which alternative understandings and discourses have been marginalized
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32
Q

Intertextuality

A
  • To see or understand the social world as comprised of text (which do not necessarily need to be words
  • Texts for intertexts that are connected to the texts that came before them.
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33
Q

Narratives

A
  • Forms of language or stories that shape our understanding of the world.
  • Structure of power
  • Include certain things and exclude others
  • Post structuralists aim to uncover structures of power and reveal what is excluded
  • Non-normative meaning it can identify what is excluded but won’t/can’t have the means for addressing what is excluded
  • To prescribe something is creating another narrative, another power structure, no way to choose between various narratives for something is always excluded
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34
Q

Critical Theory

A
  • Between constructivism and post structuralism
  • Aims to be normative or emancipatory
  • Empower that which is hidden or marginalized
  • Emancipation of individuals has ramifications that play out on the international stage
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35
Q

State Sovereignty PS

A
  • State the role it plays, not a unit
  • Hierarchical subordination: each individual has a particular position in society.
  • Inside-outside dichotomy. Sovereignty is this division , which is stabilized by a long series of other dichotomies
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36
Q

Identity as Performative

A
  • Rational and performative, identities have no objective existence
  • Depend on discursive practices
  • Socially real but can’t maintain their realness
  • Product and justifications for foreign polices
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37
Q

Post Colonialism

A
  • Introduces a multiplicity of perspectives, traditions and approaches to questions of identity, culture and power
  • Based on a wide range of different colonial experiences
  • Views and theories from perspectives of colonized peoples
  • Figures in all former colonial expanses as an enterprise to offer new ways of thinking about techniques of power that constrain self-determination
  • Ambition to undo legacies of European imperialism and colonialism to transform IR
38
Q

Franz Fanon

A
  • Post Colonialism
  • Examined negative psychological effects of colonial subjugation upon Black/African people
  • Role of class, race, national culture and violence in struggle for national liberation
  • Warning to oppressed of the dangers they would face in the whirlwind of decolonization
  • Encouraged violent overthrow of colonial dominance
  • Concerned about mechanisms of colonial control
  • Emphasis not on objective power, particularly post decolonization period
  • Focus on powers of colonial discourses to colonize the minds of all involved- accept and internalize subordinate status imposed upon them
39
Q

Edward Said

A
  • Orientalism
  • Western study of Eastern cultures and how the west perceives and represents the East > subtle and persistent Eurocentric prejudice against Arab-Islamic people and their culture.
  • Derived from long tradition of false and romanticized images of Asia
  • Meant for European self affirmation and not an objective intellectual inquiry/academic study
  • Method of practical cultural discrimination as imperialist domination
  • Implicit justification of colonial and imperialist ambitions
40
Q

Post Colonialism in IR

A
  • Mindful of the failure of hegemonic powers to integrate PC states in to the decision making process of international system
  • Doesn’t reject other systems of thought but rather their concern is directed at the imperial desire for hegemony or the aspiration to unilaterally set terms and rules of politics and culture, singly adjudicate international outcomes an/or manage knowledge and memory of IR
  • Rejects the way the West has identified/characterized the colonized. Marginalized/ignored.
  • Bottom up approach, subalterns (lowest level of society)
  • Recognizes people with hybrid identities and culture, literary analysis of fiction as well as non fiction
41
Q

Feminism Starting Point IR

A
  • Where are the women? Politically, economically and within the power structure
  • Dissatisfaction with extant positivist and post positivist theorizing which excluded/ignored women
42
Q

Feminist Definition of Gender

A
  • Set of socially constructed characteristics describing what men and women ought to be
  • Oppositional nature of the characteristics associated with masculinity and femininity
  • Strong v.s weak, rational v.s emotional, independent v.s relational
  • Characteristics valued in an unequal manner, suggests structure of meaning that signifies power relationships
43
Q

All Feminist Approaches have this in Common

IR Feminism

A
  • All trying to understand women’s subordination whether it be socially, economically, politically, physically but may disagree about the reasons for this subordination and on what appropriate path to emancipation may be.
  • IR Feminists interested in gender equality/emancipation. Interested in social relations rather than anarchy, focus on socially constructed gender hierarchies and gender subordination. Often begin at microlevel
  • Many share a commitment to examining power and knowledge relationship. most knowledge created by men about men and is controlled by men
44
Q

First Generation Feminist IR Theory

A

-Primarily concerned with bringing to light and critiquing gendered foundations of IR theories and practices

45
Q

Second Generation Feminist IR Theory

A

-Develop research programs
-extend boundaries of the discipline
-Investigating different issues
-Listening to unfamiliar voices
Liberalism, Constructivism, Critical Theory, Post structuralism and Post Colonialism

46
Q

Liberal Feminism

A
  • Position of women in global politics from a positivist framework
  • Equality achieved by removing legal and other obstacles that have denied them the same rights and opportunities as men
  • Western approach
  • Focus on outcome, not why inequality exists
  • Hudson. et al, the higher the gender inequality the higher the use of violence internally and externally to resolve disputes
  • Gender a a difference in biological sex difference
  • Change laws and institutions
47
Q

Critical Feminism

A
  • Criticize liberal feminists for relying too faithfullu on the neutrality of their methods and visions of power
  • Highlight structure relational power and critique the dominance of capitalism
  • Gender and class oppression in the system of mode of production
  • Patriarchy: system of male dominance that produces gender oppression
  • Starting point is the understanding of gender
  • Depends only in part on real material conditions of women and men in certain circumstances
  • Gender constituted by the meaning given to that reality, that is by the ideas that men and women have about their relationships to one another
48
Q

Feminist Constructivism

A
  • Focus on ideas about gender shape/shaped by global politics
  • Elizabeth Prugal: how/if they talk about inequality in economic opportunity at the UN. Devalue women’s work
  • Investigate the processes whereby ideas about gender influence global politics, as well as the ways that global politics shape ideas about gender
49
Q

Feminist Post Structuralism

A
  • Textual analysis of dichotomous linguistic constructions
  • Empower the masculine over the feminine
  • Investigation is often through the analysis of texts and their meaning
  • How represent and understand masculine v.s feminine
  • Reveals relations of power. Women as passive victims of violence
  • Idea that gender is performative
50
Q

Post Colonial Feminism

A
  • False claims to universalism arising from knowledge which is based largely on experiences relatively privileged Western women.
  • Argue other approaches don’t acknowledge differences depending on culture social class race and geographical location
  • Argue Western feminists assume that all women have similar needs with respect to emancipation when in fact
  • Realities different
  • Empowerment being interpreted as providing economic opposition where power lies, in the economic self sufficiency is a template, export this primary reason from the west to the third world. Imposition of women;s rights in terms of colonial/paternal protection
51
Q

Feminism and Security

A
  • Many IR feminists define security broadly, multidimensional, multi-level
  • Defined as the diminution of all forms of violence, including physical, structural, and ecological
  • Security threats include domestic violence, sexual assault, poverty, gender subordination, ecological destruction as well as war
  • Referent of security they identify are individuals (women and children), and or communities
  • What these are to be protected from encompass both domestic and international threats
52
Q

Feminism Economics

A
  • Economic security > economic vulnerabilities > insecurity
  • Gendered division of labor
  • Argue that disproportionate poverty of women cannot be explained by market decisions alone reflects gendered distinctions
  • Gendered role expectations about economic worth of women’s work and the kinds of tasks that women are expected to do contribute to their economic security
53
Q

Sanctions as a Case Study

A
  • End of Gulf War, UN Resolution left Iraq under a strict import/export embargo, the longest and most strict 1990-2003
  • Because of the possibility of nuclear weapons, refusal to give up biological and chemical weapons
54
Q

Realist Analysis of Sanctions

A

-Sanctions raise cost of non-compliance for the country on which sanctions are imposed until it becomes unacceptable

55
Q

Liberal Analysis of Sanctions

A
  • Deprives target of means to commit a violation of international norms
  • Larger impact if everyone in the international system doing it rather than one state
56
Q

Constructivist Analysis of Sanctions

A
  • Socializing phenomenon
  • Communicating a message of disapproval through negative consequences and international shame
  • More effective if everyone does it
57
Q

Feminist Analysis of Sanctions

A
  • Physical violence: frequent bombings intended to communicate to UN member states their unhappiness with non-compliance
  • Structural violence: destruction of economic infrastructure and the lack of nutrition and medical care that had supported Iraq’s poorer citizens
  • IR feminists who study was study all forms of violence be it physical or structural. What is happening on the ground to individuals and communities
  • Women disproportionately affected by the imposition of comprehensive sanctions
  • Criticize gendered logic of the policy choice and the adversarial nature of IR
  • Re-examine the question of responsibility and see the tragic humanitarian consequences
58
Q

Post Structuralist Feminism and Sanctions

A

-Criticize assumption that UN Security Council members somehow know better than Iraq what is good for Iraq

59
Q

Sanctions are…

A
  • not isolated areas of conflict
  • are coercive
  • have elements of physical and economic violence
  • perpetuate violence in the international system on the most vulnerable people who are rarely secure
60
Q

Realism on Ethics of Responsibility

A
  • Morgenthau: no universal meaning
  • What is ethical is what best protects the state
  • Consequentialist
  • Statist: minimal duties not to harm, duty to the state first before all else
  • Self-interest and survival
61
Q

Ethics in IR

A

-Normative, that is, how things ought to be
-How to value them
-What is good or bad
-It is a debate
Two Questions:
1) Should people outside the state be treated the same as those inside a state
2) What does treating people outside the state as equals mean in substantive terms

62
Q

Deontological Ethics v.s Consequentialist Ethics

A
  • Deontological ethics: nature of human duty or obligation. Spell out rules that are always right to follow. Right in and of themselves and not because of the consequences they produce. Kantian approaches: rules that are right because of universalizability. humans treated as ends in an of themselves. defense of cosmopolitanism
  • Consequentialist: rules that might produce a good outcome. judge by desirability of their outcomes. Realist ethic of responsibility is what ever serves the state’s interests
  • Utilitarianism: greatest good for greatest number, focused version of consequentalist
63
Q

Cosmopolitanism

A
  • Deontological approach
  • Humanity is a single moral community constituting a community of fate
  • Moral priority beyond local/national
  • Implies solidarity requires a willingness to make sacrifices for other global citizens
  • Commitment to universal human rights
  • Moral favouritism (moral preference to one’s co-nationals to strangers) cannot be supported
  • Problematic because in an era of globalization, more focus on transnational harm and quality of life of others all over the globe
64
Q

Cosmopolitan Order Requires

A

-Individual freely determine conditions of own lives
-Should be morally inclusive of those beyond the state, those other than co-nationals regardless of origin, race, gender, class…
-Necessary condition is that relationships between states at the level of global institutions must be democratized. States must have an equal say
THUS SHOULD ENSURE
-emancipation of all individuals and provide space for those who have been marginalized
-provide grounds for pursuing normative consensus for what is good and just. dialogue and communication not necessarily in accordance with objective laws

65
Q

Just War Tradition

A
  • European, origin in works of Christian theologies
  • Islam and Hinduism also have their own versions of just war traditions
  • Whether/when the state has recourse to war and how it may fight it. Moral limits, limiting harms
  • Jus ad bellum, just in bello, just post bellum
66
Q

Jus in bello

A
  • Justice IN war
  • The means, weapons, tactics
  • Proportionality of means. Minimal or proportionate force and weaponry. Don’t destroy if you can merely defeat
  • Non combatant immunity (as long as they are not targets)
  • Codified in IR law through the Geneva Conventions. 4 treaties and 3 protocols although all major states have not signed up for all parts
  • Must have a legit combatant: mus have a commander, a uniform/emblem, carry weapons openly and follow the laws of war
  • Can’t attack doctors, ambulances or hospitals but they must maintain their neutrality
67
Q

Jus ad bellum

A
  • Justice OF war
  • When you can go to war
  • Just cause is self defense/defense of a third party or in light of pre-imminent attack
  • Only legitimate states can wage war
  • It must be as a last resort and must have a reasonable hope for success
  • Goal to restore peace
  • Proportionality of means and ends
68
Q

Jus post bellum

A
  • Justice after war

- Discrimination, punishment compensation, vindication of rights

69
Q

Strategic Studies

A
  • Security defies an easy definition and analysis, many definition are based on theoretical backgrounds
  • Security is a contested concept
  • Security simply: absence of threats to acquired values
70
Q

Traditional Approach to Security

A
  • Realism, Neoerealism, Liberalism, Neoliberalism
  • State focused
  • Largely focused on military force encompasses strategic studies: emphasis on issues of use, threat to use and control of military force. Subfield of IR
71
Q

War

A

-Violent struggle between two or more hostile, independent irreconcilable wills, each trying to impose itself on the other
-interactive social process
-Timeless but the means and methods evolve continuously. Predates sovereign states
Karl Clausewitz Philosophy of War: Passion (motives to fight) , Chance (anything can happen) and Reason (strategy)
-Limited War: lesser goal than political existence
-Total War: fight for existence
-Violence added to political relations. Policy still present

72
Q

Modern Western Militaries

A
  • Formal, stand alone, hierarchical
  • Centralized command, top down control (fits in law of war)
  • Pre-set rules for conduct of operations (doctrine)
  • Conduct mass operations designed to achieve results through attrition and manoeuvre
73
Q

Evolution of State vs State Warfare

A

-From the Napoleonic era: linear, relied on mass amounts of people, attrition warfare
-Turn of 19th century and 20th Century still rely on mass
New production techniques to mobilize the masses: trains, equipment. Industrialized attrition warfare
1930’s-1990’s +: Collapse the enemies will to fight early by introducing chaos, confusion and friction. Mobility is coupled with fire power
Today: mix of conventional and unconventional means
Blur or defy boundaries. Attack vulnerabilities of stronger opponent to disorient/distract and force enemy to give up the fight

74
Q

Nature of Combatants

A
  • Wide range of non-military groups and individuals with differing loyalty ties
  • Nonstate Actors
75
Q

Asymmetrical Warfare

A
  • Utilize comparative advantages against opponents relative weaknesses
  • Can be applied to all levels of warfare
  • Tactical level: change course of action to prevent achievement of political objectives
  • Strategic level: exploit fears and concerns of opponents civilian population
76
Q

Our Perceived Weaknesses

A
  • Desire of West to sustain limited or no casualties
  • Reduce civilian casualties and the emphasis on tech solutions
  • Need to maintain coalition
  • Need to adhere to international rule of law
77
Q

Broadening of Security Issues

A

1) Identification of specific nontraditional threats to security
2) Theoretical challenges

78
Q

Non Traditional Security Threats

A

Environment, Transnational Crime and Mass Migratio

79
Q

The Environment as a Non Traditional Threat to Security

A

-Threat to state: core issue is resource scarcity. Stressing renewable resources ** water and fish stocks.
Interstate Conflict: these resources can be seized and controlled , cause for conflict
Internal Conflict: the instability produced from internal fighting over resources
Threat to individual: threat to survival/warfare. environmental change and pollution > intensifying storms and diseases
Threat to the environment itself

80
Q

Transnational Crime

A
  • Threat to State: can’t control boundaries, undermine state legitimacy, threat to sovereignty as in if you cannot guarantee the safety of your people then your legitimacy is undermine
  • Threat to Individuals: domestic violence and crime, impact of drugs in the opioid crisis
81
Q

Migration

A
  • Refugees and migrants that work against the regime of the host state
  • Migrants who pose a threat to the home state, immigration as a cultural, social and economic threats
  • Use of hos country as an instrument to threaten country of origin
82
Q

Key of Non Traditional Threats…

A
  • New referents that should or need to be protected that are not states
  • New ideas about who or what threatens security
  • Threat is not just force
83
Q

Barry Buzan

A 
-Human Collectivities are affected by five sectors 
Military
Political
Economic
Societal
Environmental 
-Largely state centric realist approach
84
Q

Military Security

A

Concerns the two level interplay of the armed offensive and defensive capabilities of states and state perceptions of each other’s intentions

85
Q

Political Security

A

Concerns the organizational stability of states systems of government and the ideologies that give them legitimacy

86
Q

Economic Security

A

Concerns access to resources, finance and markets necessary to sustain acceptable levels of warfare and state power

87
Q

Societal Security

A

Concerns threats to culture traditions or identity

88
Q

Environmental Security

A

Concerns maintenance of local and planetary biosphere as the essential support system on which all other human enterprises depend

89
Q

Theoretical Challenges to Traditional Approach to Security

A

-Main post positivist approaches challenge sole focus on force and states
Critical Theory: originally aimed to emancipate individuals, can be utilized to examine the emancipation sub-state groups/people

Post-structuralism: identifies structures of power, no specific referent

Constructivism: can be used as a means for any number of different referents including states and regional power structures

Feminist: emphasis on gender, greater insecurity of women and other gender identifications, emphasis on individuals or groups

90
Q

How to Think About Security

A 
#1) Who or what should be the focus
#2) Who or what threatens security
#3) Who provides for the security
#4) With what methods

Political Science (34 decks)

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