Final Exam 201 Flashcards
Thirty Years War
16th and 17th century, Europe was in a constant state of war. What began as a religious conflict between protestants and Catholics devolved into a war that involved most major European powers. It was one of the most destructive wars in European history as well as the longest.
Peace of Westphalia
The Peace of Westphalia was the document that drew the Thirty Years War to a close. It is considered to have spawned the modern European state system.
1) Sovereignty of states and their fundamental right to self-determination
2) Legal equality between states
3)non-intervention of one state in the affairs of another
Curtailed the power of Rome to the extreme displeasure of the Pope.
Current mutual recognition = Montevideo Convention 1933
Significant because today the state is the universal form of political organization
Law Boundedness
major feature of the modern state. rulers codify their decisions and publish them to limit the use of arbitrary power. Constitutions protect people from arbitrary power.
Rule of Law
Rule of law is the reason that the law has the authority it does. The law determines criminal behavior, punishments for criminals and impartial rules for the adjudication of disputes. Everyone in society is expected to obey the law and is considered equal before it. In order for the rule of law to be just, it must meet eight requirements: 1) general in scope; 2) public;
3) prospective rather than retroactive; 4) clear;
5) consistent; 6) relatively constant; 7) capable of being obeyed; and 8) enforced as written.
Constitutions
Anthony King: The set of most important rules and common understandings in any given country that regulate the relations among that country’s governing institutions and also relations between that country’s governing institutions and the people of that country.
Can be written (American) or unwritten (British)
1) overall structure of a state’s political system; political culture of a state.
2) a specific document that outlines basic institutions and procedures for changing them, as well as the basic rights and obligations of the state’s citizen. Basic source of national law, other legal codes and laws must be subservient to constitution.
Constitutionalism
Can refer to normative outlook on the political values in particular country’s constitution.
Can also refer to a broader normative view according to which the constitution is the most fundamental principle of political life.
Charter of Rights and Freedoms
In 1982 Pierre Elliot Trudeau patriated (brought home) the constitution and added a bill of rights known as the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. It guaranteed a set of fundamental freedoms including freedom of religion, thought, communication, assembly, mobility as well legal rights and right to vote. Section 1 sets parameters for the following sections through reasonable limits unlike the United States constitution. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms is entrenched meaning that it is the highest law in Canada. It has an emending formula but it requires unanimous consent.
Imposition of Constitutions
Constitutions were initially designed to constrain arbitrary power and increase liberty, but the imposition of European constitutions on indigenous populations increased oppression and was hugely destructive to other constitutions.
Constitution Act
Prior to 1867, the four main colonies in what is now Canada were part of the British Empire and did not have self determination. There was little power given to elected legislatures. The Constitution Act of 1867 was the Dominion of Canada and granted responsible government and a written constitution. Federalism (power is constitutionally divided between different authorities in government with different institutions)
Upper and Lower Canada Rebellions
1837 & 1838 series of rebellions. Upper Canada is controlled by the Family Compact and Lower Canada is controlled by the Chateau Clique. Mackenzie-Papineau rebellions (William Mackenzie and the Patriotes Upper Canada & Louis-Joseph Papineau and the Rebels Lower Canada) Take up arms over the right to self determination and responsible government. Rebellions put down in both places, Lord Durham (Radical Jack) dispatched to quell uprising.
1867 Lord Durham concludes that responsible government needed to be extended to the Canadian colonies.
**Nova Scotia was the first place in British North America to get responsible government in 1848
Responsible Government
Fusion of Power
Responsible government emerged in Canada in 1830’s. Described as a cabinet or executive branch that is dependent on the support of an elected assembly rather than a monarch.
responsible government executive and legislative fused together in cabinet that is accountable to an assembly of the peoples elected representatives
Assembly has confidence in the cabinet*** confidence
Federalism vs Unitary Government
Federalism- federally united into a dominion but power is divided between different orders of governnment
Unitary government: power of the state located centrally in on governing body
Federalism
divides power of the state between different orders of government ex) Federal and provincial.
Roberton: form of government in which pwoer is constitutionally divided between different authorities in such a way that each exercises responsibility for a particalar set of functions and maintains its own institutions to discharge those functions.
Federalism requires a written constitution to verify jurisdiction and settle conflicts. Courts become increasingly important because 1) different languages and legal codes 2) difference government to manage the stipulations mentioned attributes of Canadian federalism.
in 1867 federalism is not regarded well as it is blamed for the American Civil War
Separation of Powers in the U.S Style
Due to a deep mistrust of power after the American Revolution.
Avoid tyranny, place power in different bodies
Bicameral representation senators in the US- every state
House of rep. by pop. Each has its own democratic legitimacy and competitor for checks and balances.
Executive- President can propose law, administer, commander in chief, veto bills, foreign policy
Legislative- Congress law, over ride veto and impeach Judicial- Judges decide if it is unconstitutional
Baron de Montesquieu
French philosophers writing extremely influential to the American constitution
America put montesquieu on steroids
Theories of Representation
- Representation as mirror/microcosm
Edmund Burke you see yourself
ex) women 50% rep - Substantive Gender Representation
Barriers that exist so we must think about women who have unique experiences - Voice of the constituency
need to advocate only for what the people want. easy for homogeneous society’s. diversity breaks down similar voice of the constituency - Trusted Opinion Leader
Edmund Burke- traditional conservative. MP owes constituents their judgement. Best, most educated, best judgement
Judicial Review
review by supreme court - constitutional validity of legislation
Franchise
denotes the right to vote, used to be a privilege rather than a right
Single Member Plurality
first past the post, most votes win , winning party has clear majority
candidates based on merit rather than party ties
encourages strong opposition parties and discourages extremism
“wasted votes” candidates who have no realistic change of being elected
majorities are being formed with less and less of the popular vote
Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem
In a situation where there are three or more options, impossible to determine the one that is most preferred unless more than fifty percent vote for it.
Proportional Representation
prioritizes adequate representation of the range of public opinions
favors minority groups and smaller parties
may contribute to policy stability , reduces wasted vote
%popular vote=amount of seats
disproportionate power to small parties, no direct line, fragmentation
Bag of skittles- huge variety of parties in to legislative
Mixed Member Proportional
hybrid system, some seats elected by simple majority other by proportional representational
no wasted votes, broader range of views
need more coalition and creates house hierarchy
Political Party
definition
emergence
a group of political activists who aspire to form or be part of gov. worked well in legislatures so used to mobilize voters
voter turnout increase with rise of mass parties
emerged in U.S & U.K, originally formed within parliaments among like minded representatives
expanded to structure votes in popular elections independent of electoral system
Mass Parties
Mass Parties- feature of the 19th century to mobilize voters increase size of legislative section. WW1 end of party hayday
Catch-All Parties
mid 20th century focus on gaining support from the median voter (most votes, middle class platforms)
base membership for more committed partisans
evolves in to cartel parties
Cartel Parties
party membership has declines; lots of power and control exerted by the elite party officials
Brokerage Parties
large , highly pragmatic parties seeking to secure median voter ex) liberal party quite succesful
Ideological Parties
Marxist-Leninists, Christian. Small, clear set ideology not successful in forming government not interested in median voter.
Single-Issue Parties
look like ideological parties because they have a point to make but not ideology based ex) Bloc Quebecois
Protest Parties
emerge under the banner that the dominant forces in political life systematically ignore them. pissed about something. tension. ex) Trump
Functions of Parties
legitimization of political parties integration and mobilization of citizens representation structuring the popular vote aggregation of diverse interests recruit leaders for office formation of public policy, facilitation choice between policy options raise money and educate
Party Discipline
must follow party lines or there will be some sort of punishment such as a bad spot in the house of commons or no access to party leadership. 1st and 2nd faces of power
Rewards- get in to cabinet, commissions, information. 3rd face of power
Vertical Dimension of City Institutions
levels of government in Canada and appropriate geographical scale of a city, “cities in Canada are creatures of the provinces.
Sections 92 provinces have certain power like creating and managing cities. cities are not sovereign.
Horizontal Dimension of City Institutions
city dimensions. city politics are divided among different institutions such as school boards, city council
Public/Private
focuses on what services and functions should be offered by private companies and what should be offered by public entities.
Ward Systems
local councilor exactly like SMP, rep. by pop.
Mayor leadership at the council level local representation. at large system v.s ward system
some have non-partisan or political party labels
At Large System
no wards, no neighborhood council, all people run everywhere and the highest voted candidates form the council. no potting neighborhoods against each other concerned with the growth of the city as a whole.
IR Liberalism
‘why can’t we all just get along’ modernity corrupted natural state of peace
positive view of human nature
-interdependence- regular routine, more interaction more stability
-individuals are the key actors over the state
-interests, common cooperation
liberalism and the rise of IR WW1 total war and militarization of a state’s entire resources for the annihilation of the enemy
Woodrow WIlson liberal ideology to create post war order
result in a desire to find a way of securing peace
Emmanuel Kant- enlightenment theorist, global peace, order, cosmopolitanism. rational self regarding actions tends to produce outcomes beneficial to all or majority.
open trade, borders, fast information sharing
IR Realism
empirical rather than normative
WWII rise of realism, liberalism IR failed.
An approach that emphasizes the struggle for power and security by states in conditions of anarchy. no state hierarchy so it is anarchic
states pursue individual self interest national individual security
POWER NOT MORALITY. power as zero sum, no such thing as unlimited power.
Balance of power, deterrence, sociability. can result in radical shifts.
Security Dilemma
balance between international stability and sovereignty. when one state achieves some degree of security, another state has less
Constructivism
social theory tradition , international political world is constructed by humans
looks at the norms of state behavior and how they were constructed by humans
more questions than answers
Nation v.s Nation State
nation -a named community sharing one or more cultural elements such as common history, language, religion
nation state- attached to a territory
Hans Morgenthau
international politics: politics trump morality, power trumps morality
Woodrow Wilson
14 points - liberalism as a response to WWI. post war world order
*** League of nations non state actor
Gender
Gender Identity
Sex
Sexual Orientation
gender: biology WAS the thing but not it isn’t necessarily biological. attitudes feelings behaviors a culture associations with a persons sex
gender identity: internal, individual experience of gender
sex: biological status
sexual orientation: who you are attracted to
Patriarchy
male domination through the systematic oppression of women can be violent, subtle, condition
All three faces of power
hetero-patriarchy- straight males over others
First Wave Feminism
(liberal concerned with equality of opportunity and using the state to change the position of women)
late 19th century- mid 20th century
challenged the fundamental legal inequality between women and men
voting rights, property rights, divorce, personhood
Person Case- famous five, change that women aren’t persons under the law
Wollstonecraft and J.S Mill
Second Wave Feminism
1960’s-1990/current
even if you have legal equality are you equal? challenged the first wave focus on legal equality over structuring of the public and private realms
remove patriarchal structures
Kate Millet- must recognize patriarchy as a structure of power, we must respond to it as we responded to Karl Marx and the market as a power structure
Third Wave Feminism
Fourth Wave Feminism
1980’s-Present
criticized the second wave for focusing on experiences of a certain group of women- white middle class protestants
the use of other forms of oppression such as race, class and nationality shaping struggle of women
glass ceiling narrative ***
Fourth- what it is to be a women. challenging the definition of gender and who can be a feminist
Liberal
Emancipatory
Marxist
Socialist
Liberal- associated with first wave
Emancipatory- associated with second wave
Marxist- interest of capitalism to keep women oppressed
Socialist- state needs to act to improve the lives of women (democratic socialism)
National Action Committee on the Status of Women
Legal Education Action Fund
1980’s
divisive disagreements within the feminist ideology. almost destroyed by the shift from second to third wave
act inside or outside the state
Legal Education and Action Fund- women can directly intervene in supreme court cases that affect women.
advance status of women
Problem Based Theory
what makes political science unique
analyzes collective problems and individual problems and how they intersect
imagines a different world (normative)
Indigenous Peoples
distinct and related nations, languages
unique laws, government
Metis not necessarily mixed
Inuit have different legal and social aspects
Treaty Peoples- both indigenous and non-indigenous
Indigenous Treaties: how do we live well together, turning strangers in to family, can be revised, trade agreements
European Treaties: ending wars, respecting international borders, trade agreements
Two Ways of Looking and Treaties with Indigenous Peoples
Version 1: Indigenous . peace treaty seeking terms to live together. provide land for settles but not the land itself, sharing and building good relationships
Version 2: The Crown. Land succession treaty to give up right titles and privileges to the land. there is no words like cede, release, surrender in indigenous language. not sharing but surrendering
Treaty 7
1877 at Blackfoot Crossing signed with the Peoples of the Blackfoot Confederacy. Perceived through two different lenses.
Setting the American and Canadian border, bisecting territory not communicated to the indigenous people
Constitutional Conferences
Constitution brought home in 1982
Section 35 acknowledged Aboriginal Treaty Rights but they needed to think through what these meant and how far they ran.
During meetings to figure out what these rights where, Aboriginal peoples insisted that they did not want the constitution on their land
Brain Mulroney 1984, sets to fix indigenous relations. Quebec didn’t sign constitution,
Meech Lake Accords: an agreement between premiers regarding Quebec and the FN treaty provisions. Mulroney doesn’t consult FN. Rise of working inside vs outside institutions
“We Don’t Want Your Constitution on Our Land”
protests occur outside spheres of power. Men at the table , women outside
Specifically Mohawk peoples who didn’t want it
‘Your’ referring to the prime minister, premiers. Generally non-indigenous peoples and institutions
Saying not to the constitution meant saying no to the fusion of power, citizenship and federalism on Indigenous land.
Land is specifically important, resisting land theft, colonization, attack on identity.
Elijah Harper
Elijah Harper worked inside Candadian institutions specifically he was an MLA in the Manitoba legislature who refused to give consent to introduce the Meech Lake Accord Resolution
Gov can’t speed up passage of the bill, tried to buy him off, but it didn’t work. Newfoundland and Manitoba don’t pass the accord
IDLENOMORE
working outside institutions characterized by women in leadership roles
Internet mobilizations, sit ins, teach ins grounded in indigenous practices and entirely peaceful.
Less challenging for women to hold leadership roles and draws together a huge cross section of people
But you need lots of energy, leaders and space
Inside vs Outside
Chief Theresa Spence- hunger strike in solidarity with idle not more movement
Spence called for a meeting between the PM, governor general, chiefs in a public large venue
They didn’t meet her demands and instead it was only the PM in a small venue and a small number of chiefs. it was not public
Sparking protests and people called for a boycott- divide between working inside or outside institutions
