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Canada and the challenges of international development and Globalization > Second Midterm > Flashcards

Second Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Origine of Foreign Aid

A

Many countries foresaw the end of the war and recognized that many countries needed aid financially and technically in the EU. From their aid assistance programs only grew and global organizations such as the UN was created which is centred around the idea of better development and aid of countries. Many countries also became independent after the war and Canada gave aid through the Colombo plan for these countries. The spread of communism was also used as a catalysis and excuse to aid other countries.

  1. Help for European countries after the war
  2. multinational organizations were created with Aid at their center
  3. More independent countries that required Aid
  4. Stop spread of communism
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2
Q

How does colonization usually take place?

A
  1. Military
  2. Facilitators
  3. Priests
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3
Q

What Political Factors lead to Canada’s aid assistance

A
  • Stop the spread of communism through aiding countries that may be vulnerable.
  • Search for a new market in Asia
  • Benefits from tied aid
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4
Q

Columbo Plan

A
  • Aid provided through the plan concentrated on capital investment for infrastructure in energy, transport, etc.
  • Largely financed through “soft loans” which are loans with little to no interest, repaid in recipient countries currency, and 25% grant.
  • Projects put in place in receiving countries are largely designed using donor countries experiences without consideration for distinct local factors and needs.
  • Many of the high-value machinery for the projects had to be bought from the donor country (Tied aid).
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5
Q

Criticisms of Colombo Plan

A
  • Did not think about the needs of the receiving country
  • Tied Aid
  • Scholarships offered to receive country caused loss of intellectual capital
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6
Q

Africa’s Independence

A
  • Before the Trudeau government, much of Canada’s foreign aid programs was granted to English speaking Commonwealth countries but french speaking Canadians said that we should also give to French-speaking countries since French is also a big part of the Canadian identity. From there Canada started aiding French African Countries in programmes and relationships that still exist today (go to the textbook)
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7
Q

Soft Loans

A
  • No interest or lower than market value
  • Repay recipient in accepting countries currency
  • 25% grant
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8
Q

Tied and Untied Aid

A

-Tied aid would be when the donor country promises to help an Underdeveloped country through the aid of infrastructure projects for example but puts conditionalities on the aid being received like for example, getting heavy machinery from the donor country.

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9
Q

Canada’s Foreign Strategy overtime

A

1975- 0.7% target and more attention to L.D.C

1980-Increase volume of aid and less bilateral tied aid

1988-Emphasized human resources development (women) and took into account the human right quality in the country they wanted to aid.

1995-Sustainability, Basic human needs, Poverty reduction

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10
Q

Decolonization of the Mind

A
  • Questioning main structures and ideology of theories and common thought
  • Deconstruction of development assumption
  • Paradigm shift
  • challenging western ideas
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11
Q

Why in history do we not talk about other cultures? Why is there so little information about post contact groups?

A
  1. The doctrine of Discovery:
  • Non-Christians are uncivilized and need to be controlled and developed (don’t have souls)
  • Pope Alexander the fourth issued the doctrine and told the EU that it is within gods will for them to invade First Nations lands
  • Language used in the Doctrine is quite racist and savage towards first nations
  • Few Christians did not agree saying that everyone has a soul.
  1. Eurpean Superiority
    - 1) Divine Law justifies the superiority of Europeans over the populace
    - 2)Christian dogma on superiority of man over women
    - 3)The myth about the first nations justified morally that what they were doing was okay
  2. The mission to save victims
    - First Nations seen as victims of their saveragry so the europeans had to step in and help destroy all forms of their culture.
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12
Q

Different worldview (Relational and Linear)

A

European World View

  • Linear Views
  • Nature and people are reduced to commodities
  • Nature and people as resources to be exploited for benefit of infinite progress
  • Individual accumulation and retention of wealth.

First Nation World View

  • Relational Worldview
  • Communal ownership of resources
  • Redistribution of wealth
  • Deep respect for the relationship between nature and humans
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13
Q

Different Social Organization

A

European Social Organization:

  • Individualism (center of the universe)
  • Reductionism (Everything reduces to an individual’s needs)
  • Centralizing power and wealth among elites who use legitimate ideology to maintain the status quo (capitalism) and dominate subordinate groups

First Nations Social Organization:

  • Holistic (all life works together)
  • Participatory (if people want to decide for themselves they should)
  • Egalitarian (Everything depends on relationships)
  • Indigenous people emphasize individual response and collective harmony
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14
Q

What is the importance of stories and Symbols in the First Nations Culture?

A

That is how they embed a lot of their relationist views into their culture (Important medium of communication for this worldview).

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15
Q

The barrier for First Nations

A
  • Indian act of 1876
  • Indian act of the 1920s
  • No right to self-govern
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16
Q

Developmental colonialism

A
  1. Western concepts of modernity and progress were imposed on the indigenous group without permission
  2. Undertaking does not reflect indigenous interest and goals
  3. its subjects First Nations to the dominant culture rather than respecting their right to self-govern
  4. Ignores First Nations in design and implementation of development model and initiative.
17
Q

How to Decolonize Development

A
  1. Oral History
  2. Customary Laws and governance
  3. Traditional and hybrid models of social organization
  4. Decision-making process
  5. Concepts around gender equality
18
Q

What are CSO’s?

A

Civil societies are organizations or groups that are created by individual people for humanitarian reasons

“Civil Societies is the ‘third sector’ of society along with government and business” -UN

19
Q

Agents of Social Development (Give an example of Civil Society Organization

A
  1. Government-led approaches to development
    - Welfare state model (Finland)
  2. Non-government approach to development
    - Religious institution
    - Philanthropic CSO’s
    - Trade Unions
    - Community-based organizations
    - NGO’s
20
Q

What is the job of a CSO?

A
  1. Expansion of the democratic sphere after the cold war
  2. Significant players in global affairs
    - Human Rights advocacy
    - Developmental assistance
    - Humanitarian and emergency aid
  3. Implementation of developmental programs
21
Q

Why did CSO’s grow so rapidly?

A
  1. Post-Cold War, there was a great need for delivery of services that often times the state couldn’t or refused to provide. A lot of democratic Compacity building
  2. The condition of Globality which challenged the idea of the state is the only provider of needs. People were able to start initiatives to help others around the world.
  3. New Demand for Social Services which often times the government could not provide so CSO’s were formed.
22
Q

Examples of CSO’s

A
  • Charities
  • International bodies (Red Cross)
  • Religious-based Groups
  • NGO’s
  • Human rights groups
23
Q

Difference between CSO’s and NGO’s

A
  • CSO’s come in different forms, (Formal and informal) which include NGO’s so CSO is more of an umbrella term
  • NGO’s are CSO’s but not all CSO’s are NGO’s
  • NGO’s have consultative status with the UN
24
Q

Classification of Aid through History

A

1st Generation: Deal with RElief and welfare

2nd Generation: Focus on self-reliant local development (helping people become self-reliant)

3rd Generation: Take a more systemic approach, going beyond the one-off project and ‘local’ activities (NEEDS WORK)

4th Generation: ‘peoples movement’ of the type one finds among indigenous people and labour movements

25
Q

Other Classifications of Aid

A

Community-Based Volunteerism
-People getting together to deal with problems

Institutionalism (More compacity to handle problems)
-Grows out of necessity, increases compacity because of greater need. More systematically organized

Professionalism (states role in evolution of CSO’s based on professional things)
-Happens with organizations grow and when higher standards become nesacary to attracted wider collaborations and recognition

Welfare State (state wants to be active in providing social services)
-The voluntary organization would no longer be required because their services would now be provided by the state.
26
Q

Solidarity Fund

A

Promote rights of workers internationally and contribute funds to development projects through sometimes counterpart organizations in those developing countries

Solidarity funds are different than other organizations because they have a rootedness in Canada that sets them apart. have to potential to build partnerships based on more than just project funding.

  • Solidarity fund of Quebec (1983)
  • Canadain labour Foundation (1989)
  • B.C foundation of Labour
  • Manitoba Federation of Labour
27
Q

Policy orientated CSO’s

A

The focus on research and policy dialogue around internationals issues
-the main goal is to mobilize voices

28
Q

Advocacy groups

A

-Justice orientated
-Advocate for the status of marginalized groups
-Takes a political stance and comes into contradiction with the government
-deep influence on social and welfare issues
Social policy and tries to improve the lives of marginalized people

29
Q

Fundraising issues

A
  1. Pornography of Poverty
    - Want to assist but not change the context
    - misrepersentation of poverty
  2. Helplessness and Powerlessness
    - What is the main reason of poverty? not just income.
30
Q

Successful fundraising

A

Child Sponsorship:

  • Shortens distances between giver and receiver
  • Puts a face and name to the people you are helping

CRITICISM:

  • High overhead expenses
  • simplistic image of development and developing countries
31
Q

Criticis of NGO’s

A

-Because they are dependent on government funding, they can be seen as pushing the Neoliberal agenda with promoting privatization, free trade and deregulation

32
Q

CIDA’s importance

A
  • Established in 1968
  • Grew rapidly at first, Canada was one of the few countries to establish a government-funded development for NGO’s
  • Matching funds to organizations that had added Canadian Value
33
Q

Humanitarian Assistance

A

Responds to natural and conflict-related emergencies

34
Q

NGO’s Engage how with the Canadain public?

A
  1. Fundraising
  2. Advocacy
  3. Developmental Education
35
Q

Developmental Education

A

-Different from advocacy and fundraising, this takes place in schools, church, and workplaces, so that people can be educated on the challenges with development.

36
Q

Goverment Funding

A
  • CIDA would match contributions of certain NGO’s through responsive funding
  • Also, use Needs-Approach which would be when CIDA created certain funds aimed to draw NGO’s into certain sectors or geographical areas that interested the Canadian government.
  • Caused high level of Dependency on government for NGO’s
37
Q

Checklist for good development

A
  1. Community-based model: everyone should have a say in the outcome or towards the development
  2. Joined decisions making: Working together 2 groups
  3. Mutual trust and a relationship: between 2 groups
  4. prioritizing the goals of indigenous people
  5. legitimate role to play in achieving the goals
  6. Mutual respect and treatment
38
Q

Case study 1: white lake first nation

A
  • example of economic development enterprises undertaking as a means of adapting to colonization and benefiting from the external exploitation of natural resources.
  • 1978 developed good fish lake development corportation
  • particaptory growth
  • community based approach to rpomote tradition, community cercomstances and the flow of benifits.
  • 1870’s they were starving and very poor because they lost a lot of land.
  • were given land on paper but not actually physically
  • weren’t even allowed to use resources on the land given to them
  • oil employement sparked opportunity by washing clothes of the oil workers creating jobs in the community.
39
Q

Case study 2: Car cross/ tagsh First Nations Yukon

A
  • example of development project based on goals on first nations people
  • First to settle land claim and self-government, not subject to the Indian act.
  • Made a plan for land management and infrastructure based on tourism
  • Mountain bike trails
  • Youth, elders, and
  • Revieved the communities histories
  • Economic self-efficiency was growing and used tourism to maintain culture and history

Canada and the challenges of international development and Globalization (3 decks)

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