Exam Flashcards
Why should we promote democracy?
Depends on what theory you want to pick
- Theory of democratic peace
- Liberal democracy
- democracies almost never launch wars against each other
- Democracies are cooperative schemes
- improve living conditions
- Democracies look for the prosperity of people (moral sense of agency like amarta sen talks about)
- Democracies are constructive and instinctively good because they don’t want war allowing more resoucres to go to development - Democracy for a participatory account of the development (Amartya Sen)
- Democracy is required for the good/participatory development
- PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT: multilateral development which depends on the participation of people, therefore, they need their freedom
- Emphasizes the exchange of ideas
- Mandatory duties for all (if people make decisions they feel responsible to accept the decisions)
- acknowledges identity and cultural differences - Democracy and peoples property
(A Canadian perspective)
-The absence of democracy results in global political instability (resulting in unstable economies)
-By having more unstable nations in the world it threatens Canadian foreign policy and security (to be safe and secure Canada need to
-The least costly and most effective contribution the country can make to resisting global instability
-By upholding global values (human rights, equality) we protect out democracy at home
Three incentives that come with the Canadian perspective promoting democracy
- Moral incentive: must promote because out of the process we can establish better norms
- Eco liberal: gain something positive for the nation (new markets)
- Realistic: Secure country is important therefore by promoting democracy we reduce risk
Questions for democracy
Why do democracies sometimes support authoritarian regimes? (Example Canada and Philippines )
Why didn’t we relate our developmental programs to democracy?
Critical perspective of democracy
- Democracy is a vague/ contentious conception
- Democracies might be politically less stable if not articulated properly
- It is used by political ideologies for different purposes
Idealistic perspective Vs. Realistic position READING
Idealistic perspective:
- supporting democracy abroad
- Calculating state long-term strategic interest
Realistic position: Be prudent (morally responsible)
- Be cautious of promoting democracy abroad
- Immediate risk (instability and more violence in the short term)
- It is a matter of calculative gains
Policy Options
- Do not promote democracy abroad
- Passive demonstration (a leveling of the country, when people have = power to the elites) and diffusive effects
- rely on the power of one’s self - Support external democratization processes more proactively, but still cautiously and selectively trying to control and if possible eliminate the inherent risks
- Active: active in the condition set
- Proactive: a new setting of how to be active - Supporting democracy abroad openly and forcefully, despite the associated risks
Canada’s support of democracy for development
1st Phase: Mid 1980’s
- Charter of rights and freedoms
- The government of Canada policy for CIDA on Human Rigths, democratization and Good Governance
- NGO and Advocacy groups plans in developing countries
2nd Phase: 2004 with Axworthy’s plan for democratization
- Canadain Democracy Institute: countries support for democracy abroad
- Canadain corporations: responsibility for democracy abroad
- A move towards a new and non-biased democracy promotion agency
3rd Phase: after the conservative party won a majority in the federal election of 2011
- Democracy was subordinated to Canada’s foreign policy
- Canada would stand by its friends (most notably Israel)
- Countries violating Canada’s foreign policy objectives will be punished
- Canada’s NGO’s must fully comply with the goverments
What is Canada’s model for democracy
- Right based approach (look at the article)
- Research-based
- Autonomy of agency
- local leadership and accountability
What are emerging Market economies
- Example of them BRICS
- Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
BETTER ANSWER
What are the economies mixing?
They mix both the Liberal capitalist approach and the socialist model creating a collaboration between state and market
What are the characteristics of EME
- They benifit from the globalization of information technology (also like globalization in general)
- Progressing towards becoming an advanced economy but they do not have strict standards and the level of market efficiency. (Most do not take a multilateral approach to development so they are behind when it comes to human development)
- Have physical financial infrastructure including banks, stock exchange, etc.
- High GDP: attractive for foreign investment
- achieving higher living standards
Reasons for the growth of EME’s
- They are politically stable which makes it attractive for investors but that does not mean they are free
- Encouraging Entrepreneurship
- Industries strictly targeted for economic growth
- Incentives for people to save so that they create a new pool of wealth and create further investments
- Improved infrastructure
- privatization of state-owned enterprises
What EME’s did for economic growth?
- From ISI to EOI
- The objective for import substitution Industrialization was to create independence and control over the economy “don’t import what we don’t need”
- ISI failed becuase
1. high economic and social cost
2. The state ownership created inefficiency in economic institutions
3. limited market within the country
4. Widespread corruption
5. agriculture was neglected which created more food dependency
- International trade liberalization
- After WW2 people were thinking about what the new normative order would be
- International peace and security also depend on trade and the liberalization of trade.
- enhancement of markets provided good to underdeveloped countries aswell
- The maturity of the private sector
- foreign investment is very important to grow
- When the 2008 crisis happened China and India took advantage and absorbed a lot of the foreign investment flow
Asain Miracle
2 theories
Accumulation theory: the role of capital investment (liberals took credit
Assimilation theory: Involvement of entrepreneurship innovations, technology, education, labor (social idea)
Economic indicators of EME’s
South asia
- fastests growing economies but it is uneven
- China, India
Latin America
- The lower pace in economic growth
- Brazil, Mexico
Eastern European
- Higher per capital income
- Poland
HDI in EME’s
Good progress in a lot of EME’s but it is uneven
Solution?
- More state intervention for human development
- Active welfare system
- Access to trade and innovations
Middle-income Trap
EME’s make a lot of money off of cheap labour but as there is increased pressure for good, more labour needs to get hired and as more labour gets hired they want higher wages which brings up the price of goods which makes them less competitive in the global market
Solution
- technological advances to replace labour
- encouraging participation of production forces in determining the way of the market
- increase property rights (niave bc property rights are controlled by leading capitalists of the world)
- strengthen labour unions which is also unlikely bc a lot of EME’s are not democracies
Issues with inequality
-The rise in income does not mean that it was distributed evenly
Solution
- State intervention to provide social security or providing food rations
- Balancing economic growth and environmental sustainability
What is the ultimate goal of development?
- It is to enlarge peoples choices
- peoples capability depends on the enjoyment of their fundamental rights and freedoms
What are Human Rights?
-The right stated in the Un charter of human rights
- First, we had the Universal Declaration of Human rights (1948) but that was empty of legal obligation
- International covenant on civil and political rights (1966) which was more legalized
- UN declaration on the rights to development which confirmed that countries have a right to develop themselves (1986)
- Vienna declaration and program of action which stated that all human rights must be respected (1993)
As long as countries agree that development is a right, they are responsible for these things…
- To reform the unjust international economic order towards a new order based on obligations for human welfare and social justice
- To address the economic imbalance between the developed and the developing worlds
- To integrate human rights and economic development issues
- To enhance the ethical component in the analysis and conduct of international relations
- Not a matter of morality to help, you have a legal obligation
As long as countries agree that development is a right, they are responsible for these things…
- To reform the unjust international economic order towards a new order based on obligations for human welfare and social justice
- To address the economic imbalance between the developed and the developing worlds
- To integrate human rights and economic development issues
- To enhance the ethical component in the analysis and conduct of international relations
- Not a matter of morality to help, you have a legal obligation
What about the Canadain approach to human rights through history
- At first it had a low contribution because of the cold war
- realism approach - Human rights revolution
- Helsinki accord: human rights are not just civil
- stopped aid to countries that had human rights violations - Canada’s human right policy
- pressure by civil society organizations to do more with human rights CIDA
- suspended aid to chile and vietnam in 1979
Canada’s 1998 human rights considerations
- No aid to oppressive regimes
- A universal development program for development
- foreign aid to the least developed countries
- Prioritise a countries foreign aid, democracy and human rights
What Human rights are Vital
- freedom from arbitrary arrest
- freedom from torture and other inhuman treatment
- freedom from extrajudicial execution
- freedom from deliberate denials of means that could sustain life.
Should we sympathisize with peoples suffering or feel a duty to help?
- Sympathizing with people does not mean feeling their feeling
- empathy makes us feel their feelings motivating us to stop the injustice
- If we sympathize with others without taking into consideration the cause of injustice, it cannot extend beyond the moral need to help
- empathy for others requires action to change the conditions (duty to justice)
Morality to help in classic liberalism (moral capitalism?)
- Adam Smith talks about how the rich are rich becuase they work hard for a better life and the rich buy from the poor therefore creating a balance
- In society we have to favour free markets wealth in a nation is based upon how capable people are to determine there own life
- As long as people hold their companies responsible, they can experience prosperity
- MORE IN READING AND PICTURE
Critisisms
-The theory does not adress the exsistance of the created inequality
-Disregards the systematic causes of inequality
The dual disposition which states that as long as help is given to the poor through the government they will continue to be lazy and live in poverty caused by poor people themselves
-It is a reductionist theory since it reduces the meaning of the wellbeing to the materialistic elements
four catagories of human accounts
Morality to help: Duty to developing nations to reduce the gap between haves and have-nots
Cooperation among nations: cooperation improves mutual understanding and improves justice (international co-op is in favour of all nations of the world)
Liberal internationalism: Internationalism must have a human face (intentional life must be based on the principles of liberalism)
Human Internationalism: internationalism entails an indivisible union between the peaceful life for all and social and economic progress for all
Invisible hand metaphore
As long as we try to reduce inequality is is like an invisible hand is moving the global community towards justice
Critical stands post WW2
Dependency approach: the causes of inequality must be searched in the systematic and structural cases (system of help is causing the problem)
Regulation Theory: dependency and inequality stem from cultural leadership (colonization of the mind does not allow for proper solutions to be thought of)
Post-colonial Scholarship: Underdevelopment has been caused by colonial dehumanizing policies which resulted in the formation of ‘others’
Post-developmental approach: the southern societies must create their own alternative view of development
1980 different ethical streams
Mainstream approach: economic growth, modernization theory reduced everything to just material needs
Critical stand: dependency theory and the reason for underdevelopment and inequality is the systematic failure
Alternative Perspective: a view that went beyond just these 2 approaches. Capability approach, human development
Changing the Substance of duty
Instead of thinking about what a good concept of development is, we should change the theoretical assumptions around development
- If development is the tool used for human flourishment it must be directly related to the condition of like of the people and their own conception of a fulfilled life
- Less theory more practice
Ethisist Development of praxis
theoretical dimension: idea backed up by data and analysis
Contextual application: expiernce/looking into the problem
Practical implications: actions
Reflective orientation: reflect on actions
3 Generations of ethicists thoughts
First generation
- Human-centered development
- deep equality including gender
- importance in harmony
- effective participation
- Basic needs as a means of achieving a higher goal
- use all different types of theories and center them around capability
Second generation: (peter Berger)
- We must better articulate what goodness and good development is
- Good development must improve the quality of life
- theory and practice of development must be evaluated
- Good development must bring its own desirable growth, good potential and cultural maturation for fulfilment
- (political will must be constructed)
Third generation
- A move and commitment toward a perfect duty for addressing and alleviating inequality
- paul Streeten on human basic needs
- Amartya Sen on the capability approach
OECD-DAC: Dimensions of fragility
Poverty is not only caused by economic factors but also…
Political
- State legitmacy
- Respect for human rights and laws
Military
- Internal conflict
- External intervention
Economic
- economic growth declines
- inequality
Social
- Refugees
- Social grievances
Enviromental
-Vuanerable to natrual distastors
Fragile states according to OECD
- societies vulnerable to or affected by several major internal and external shocks
- where the states suffers from grave deficits of authority, capacity or legitimacy and therefore cannot manage those shocks
What are fragile states?
Low income, low economic growth, low human development, and high poverty
Weak government incapable of protecting the citizens
Conflict - affected countries
Heavily depending on aid programs (economy is so weak it needs support from donor countries to survive)
Absence of order and anarchy (inability of the government, no peaceful order)
Why should FCAS concern us?
OUR INTERESTS:
- Threats to international peace & security
- Obstacles against international development (trade, investment)
- Cosmopolitan concerns
THEIR INTERESTS:
- Countries & regions where humans suffer from most extreme poverty, poor governance, violence & insecurity, etc.
- Security concerns
- Most MDGs and SDGs not attained in most FCAS
Causes of fragility
Historical roots
- The legacy of colonialism (governance, economic, etc.)
- Cold War & post-colonial experiences
- Neoliberal SAPs & globalization
Political & institutional factors
- Weak democratic & administrative institutions
- Elite predation, extreme corruption
- Leaders of tribes and different groups, patron vs. clients
Economic factors
- Low income and economic decline + poor distribution of benefits (inequality)
- Little economic diversification, vulnerability to external economic shocks
International factors
- International political economy
- Global economic shocks (increase in food prices)
Social factors
- Deep ethnic, religious, class etc, divisions
- Identity fragment (absence of unifying identity)
- Conflictive state-society relations
- Weak state & society resilience
Environmental factors
-Vulnerability to natural disasters
Geography matters
-Bad neighbours, demographic stress (including urbanization)
Dysfunctional Cycle
- Terrorism
- Ethnic conflicts and civil wars
- Drug and other flows
-we cannot prevent these things to our countries, failure in one country results in the failure of others
Approaches in 1990 towards peacebuilding and security
Stage 1: UN peace-building
UN Agenda for Peace, multidimensional & “liberal peacebuilding”
Stage 2: Human Security
UN: more robust peace enforcement operations
Stage 3: 9/11 approaches - war on terror
War on terror emerges as the US’s top priority.
-But these approaches were criticized for emphasizing western views/interests over human security & development
Stage 4: the Whole of Government approach
Good governance
Reconstruction of social, political, and economic institutions
Poverty reduction
Peacebuilding and Statebuilding Goals (PSGs)
- Legitimate politics
Foster inclusive political settlements and conflict resolution - Security
Establish and strengthen people’s security
3.Justice
Address injustices and increase people’s access to justice
4.Economic Foundations
Generate employment and improve livelihoods
- Revenues & Services
Manage revenue and build capacity for accountable and fair service delivery
2011 Approaches : A New Deal for a new era?
- Frustrations by many FCAS with externally-driven & militarized interventions
- Frustrations of some Western states with high costs & low returns of post 9/11 approaches
New deal: Agreed to work differently by supporting FCAS efforts to attain 5 Peacebuilding & State-building Goals (PSGs)
Human Security Approach Un definition
The right of people to live in freedom and dignity, free from poverty and despair
All individuals, in particular vulnerable people, are entitled to freedom from fear and freedom from want, with an equal opportunity to enjoy all their rights and fully develop their human potential.
Driving forces in the emergence of human secuirity
Growing security threats, (conflicts and internal violence; health related risks; sudden economic and financial downturns) caused people to revisit old concepts of security come to the conlcusion that human insecurity is a major threat to a peaceful life. The conventional frameworks we have set up do not account for the diversity of threats we see today. These threats not only affect the individual or local but spill over into national and international issues
Paradim shift
Went from Traditional security → for international peace and security to Human security → for human wellbeing
-Before and after the cold war
Elements of Human secuirity
Human security underscores the universality and interdependence of a set of freedoms that are fundamental to human life:
- Freedom to live in dignity
- Freedom from fear
- Freedom from want
Human security acknowledges the inter-linkages between: (Fundamental rights that form the essence of humanity)
Human rights
Development
Security
Fundamental rights are the prerequisite for good development
1994 - Human development Report
7 fundamental rights:
Personal security Economic security (T) Health security (T) Political security Community security Food security (T) Environmental security (T)
Whose security?
Security for all human beings, everywhere in the world
(universal, practical view into the conception of security)
Security for community (communitie cannot be wiped out from earth)
Security for all subaltern groups (lower status groups eg. minorities, groups of labelled people, socially excluded groups)
Security nationally
Security internationally
- Community comes first, you know who you are from community but not society
- In society, individualism comes first , and then society is defined.
Secuirity from what?
1.Freedom from want (threats to basic needs) Social, political, and economic threats Job and income security Social services Capability
- Free from fear (threats to safety of people)
From torture, arbitrary arrest
Conflicts and wars
3.Free from environmental threats
Degradation, pollution
- Freedom to live in dignity - threat to fundamental rights
Different types of security?
Economic security
Persistent poverty, unemployment
Food security
Hunger, famine
Health security
Deadly infectious diseases, unsafe food, malnutrition, lack of access to basic health care
Environmental security
Environmental degradation, resource depletion, natural disasters, pollution
Personal security
Physical violence, crime, terrorism, domestic violence, child labor
Community security
Inter-ethnic, religious and other identity-based tensions
Political security
Political repression, human rights abuses
