First midterm Chapters 1-3

Question 1

What are the 3 mainstream approaches to development?

Answer 1

A mainstream approach to development is the basic mainstream ideas that surround development from an outsider point of view. Someone who is new to the concept of development may think about these three theories.

1)Theory of Economic growth: the ability for a society to produce adequate goods and services, gain capital, and distribute them amongst society

2) Economic Development: A process by which a countries economy transforms from weak to strong
- Growth is possible
- Growth is progressive
- Growth is steady

3) Modernization Theory: Development originates from the process of modernization

Although some may argue that these theories hold some truth, they are not the whole story of what happens during development and don’t focus on other key areas such as human, political, and social development.

Question 2

Improper understanding of developement (look in textbook)

Answer 2

• More than economic Growth
• Development does not nessacarly mean international aid
• Development is not about proverty prevention but more about reducing inequality.

Question 3

What is the Condition of globality? (look in textbook)

Answer 3

Globality is decentering the structure of power and changing the basis of development

Question 4

What are sustainable development goals?

Answer 4

The SDG’s are a set of goal to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all. They are important because it sets an agenda for the world to follow as it did in August 2015 when 193 countries reached a consensus on the goals that they wanted to reach by 2030. Although countries do sign an agreement it is not legally binding so so countries can choose to not really partake in any of these goals if they wish to.

Question 5

Should Canada be an example of Development?

Answer 5

YES
- Canada is a wealthy healthy stable country that is socially advanced which would make a good example for development because it goes beyond the Mainstreams approaches to development (which is mainly just economic) and instead has a multidimensional approach which includes development in Social, political, and human areas as well.

NO
- Althought Canada has developed in a multidimensional way (economic, social, political, human) it is the way that they developed that was not ideal. They still have many deep-rooted issues such as gender imbalance,gap between the rich and the poor, Physical environment being destroyed

Question 6

Canada did it. Can others? (textbook)

Answer 6

It depends what theoretical framework you believe in.

• Liberals “ leave the market open for competition and let countries build themselves up through that”
• Neoliberals “ Yes if you let the market work” no restrictions and no responsibility
• Dependency Theories “cut off the dependency”
• Capability approach suggest “ development as freedom”
• Human development argues “the purpose of development is to enlarge peoples choices.”

Question 7

three characteristics that started International development

Answer 7

1) multidimensional development where it goes from domestic to international
- mainly due to modernization theory (TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES CAN ONLY DEVELOPE IF THEY MODERNIZE)

2) New moral outlook
- Liberal nations felt a moral responsibility to help underdeveloped countries

3) strategic rivalry between capitalist and communist
- used aid to get certain countries to support their beliefs

Question 8

What are the 5 stages of Economic growth? Pros and Cons

Answer 8

Created by Rostow in 1960 in his book: the stages of economic growth

1) traditional society
2) pre-condition to take-off
3) Take-off
4) The drive to maturity
5) High mass consumption

CONS:

• it is the bases of the mainstream approach
• It is a western approach so may not work for everyone
• It is purely economic, no social development
• One size fits all solution

PROS:

Question 9

Basic Human Needs approach

Answer 9

Created in 1970 by Maslow where it took into consideration the development of human beings

• The argument being made is that peoples major needs need to be met before they can do anything for you in return
• 1976, international labour organizations stated that basic human needs must override national and international development

CONS:

• Largely restricted by economic factors
• states charge of development may not care about the needs of the poor (Politically niave)
• Oppressive and discriminatory structure of the international system is being ignored.

Question 10

Human Development approach

Answer 10

Created by Ul-Haq (what year)

• Uses a multidimensional process of socio-cultural and politico-economic changes aimed at human well-being and freedom.
• Enlarges peoples capabilities so that they can attain sense and model of a better life
• Achieving the richness of human life rather than the richness of economic growth
• Similar to Basic human Needs but gives more room for people to gain the capability to have the life they want.

CONS
Does not take into account poverty, human security and empowerment

Question 11

dependency theory (Theories that go against other theories of development)

Answer 11

• Dependency Theory (the 1960’s by Prebiseh[not marxist] Ander Gunder frank) people argued against modernization by saying the developed countries are only boundaries through the underdevelopment of others. As Western countries by raw material from underdeveloped countries, they manufacture it and sell it back to those countries for a higher price. Some might call this modern colonialism.
• World Systems Theory (Wallerstein) Core, periphery and semi-periphery. The world is divided into structures Peripheral countries depend on core countries for their development

Question 12

What is globalization? definition

Answer 12

The process of global interconnectedness and networking. Intensification of the worldwide social relations

Question 13

4 characteristics of Globalization

Answer 13

By Steger

1. Creation of new social Networks (multiplication of existing) that cut across traditional geographic borders.
2. Expansion of social relations activities and connections
3. Intensification of social exchange and activities
4. Globalization also involves the subjective plane of human consciousness

Question 14

What is globality

Answer 14

signifies a social condition characterized by tight global economics, political culture and environmental interconnectedness and flow that goes past exsisting borders and boundaries making them irrelevant

-The condition of globality results in the collapse of borders

2 Possible directions

1. Excessive capitalism and more exlusion and marginalization
2. An active global community (global we). Being responsible for excluded others.

Question 15

Where are we going?

Answer 15

Steger’s answer

• Formation of new social networks beyond borders
• Expansion of social relations

Arjun’s answer

• all the scapes

Debuzinksi’s answer

3 world of globalization

1. Development of enhancing market forces (neo)liberalism
2. We must adapt to globalization it is undeniable
3. Globalization as Americanisation. Left and Right views

Question 16

For and against globalization

Answer 16

The neoliberalist perspective is for globalization and they argue that there is no other alternative.

• Economic growth depends on the deregulations of the markets
• No intervention in the development of a country
• More privatization

Transformationalist thesis are also for globalization but argue that it goes in all different types of directions but we must understand these directions and pick out the positive and negative ones
-“Globalization is like a river and we must build dams to make electricity” - Nayyar

Skeptics view on globalization is against saying that brings more inequality and insecurity as well as an uneven development which creates more exclusion

Question 17

Arjun’s 5 dimmesnional approach to globalization

Answer 17

Ethoscape: concerned with the mobility of people

Technoscape: increasing borderless links between high and low technology and the speed at which this technology travels

Financescapes: encompasses the flow and range of capital like the daily spikes in currency range that can make people rich or poor.

Mediascape: the production and distribution of information through online media and other channels (can cause imagery of certain countries)

Ideascape: consists of the political ideology and counter-ideology that have shaped and are shaping the political economies of the world.

Question 18

Debuzinksi’s answer

3 world of globalization

Answer 18

1. Development of enhancing market forces (neo)liberalism
2. We must adapt to globalization it is undeniable
3. Globalization as Americanisation. Left and Right views

Question 19

What are the Three thesis of Globalization?

Answer 19

Hyperglobalist (neoliberal) perspective (yes to globalization)

• no to goverment in the developement of the country
• Development is about freer movements of goods
• intagreate the national economy into the global economy
• cultural homogeneity
• washington consensus is an example of this

Skeptics thesis (no to globalization)

• Neoliberal draws on congergence
• Skeptics runs on divergence
• There is no global economy, instead the world is breaking into multiple economic and political blocks

Transformationalist Thesis: (yes to globalization)

• The world is decentralizing
• globalization can work if nations understand and take opportunities and are proactively engaged in the process
• Globalization can go in many different directions
• who are the agents of globalization? who are the winners and losers?

Question 20

Washington Consensus

Answer 20

John William (1989)

Set of economic Policies set by the world bank that was later on discover to be not helpful. A lot of these policies were based purely on economic factors and failed to take on a multidimensional approach to development. some examples would be Tax reform, trade liberalization and privatization.

In 2005 Joseph Stieglitz fought against the Washington consensus saying that it produced limited growth and whatever growth was produced was not equitably shared. There also needed to be greater balance between government and free markets.