Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geology > Second Geology Test > Flashcards

Second Geology Test Flashcards

0
Q

Elastic rebound hypothesis

A

Displacement happens. Rocks accumulate energy. Rocks build up stress by plates moving past each other. One day the elastic will bounce back and there will be an earthquake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is the main reason for earth quakes?

A

Plate boundaries and their moving. Fault boundaries to be exact ex: San Andreas, California

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Transform boundary- earthquakes

A

Side swipe. Creates earth quakes. There is a seismic gap- friction is holding it back ex: San Andreas fault

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tension - divergent boundaries- earthquakes

A

Rocks don’t have much strain energy. Pulling apart. Low earth quake waves. Normal fault. People friendly boundary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Subduction zone- earth quakes

A

Strike and slip- can be low, medium and high magnitude earthquakes. Earthquakes relates to volcanoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Magnitude

A

Relies on the data attained from seismic records to estimate the amount of energy released at an earthquake’s source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Contour line

A

Lines contacting points of equal elevation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Volcanoes

A

Opening in the crust, spuing out magma which then is called lava.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

P waves

A

Primary waves. Compressional waves, anything linear will snap. Ex: bridges and electric lines. “Push/pull” waves. They push (compress) and pull (stretch) rocks in the direction the wave is traveling. P waves travel through all materials! Solid, liquid and gas. First to be recorded on seismograph.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

S wave

A

Secondary waves. Shake the particles at right angles to their direction of travel. Liquids and gases will not transmit S waves. Second wave to be recorded and is faster then surface waves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

L wave

A

Called a long wave and is a wave that reaches the surface. Makes the most damage. Is the surface wave. Last waves to be recorded. Slower then the p and S waves. (Body waves) greatest amplitudes. Cause greater ground shaking and hence greater property dance than either p or a waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you measure and earthquake?

A

Need 3 different angles of the body waves ( p wave and S wave) the data goes into a seismograph and then prints out on a seismogram.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Intensity

A

A measure of the amount of ground shaking at a particular location, based on observed property damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the Richter Scale ?

A

Is calculated by measuring the amplitude of the largest seismic wave, usually surface (S wave) is used for this this measurement on seismograph pg 198

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Seismograms

A

Provide useful information about the nature of seismic waves. They reveal two main types of waves generated by the slippage of a rock mass. Two types are surface waves and body waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are surface waves?

A

They travel in rock layers just below earths surface. Can be divided in two types of surface waves. 1. Causes earths surface and anything resting on it to move. 2 causes earths materials to move side to side.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are body waves?

A

Travel through interior of earth. And can be further divided into two types of waves P waves and S waves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the four factors of damage by an earthquake?

A
  1. The intensity
  2. The duration of the vibrations
  3. The nature of the material on which structures rest
  4. The nature of building materials and construction practices of the region
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Volcanoes

A

Opening in the crust, spuing out magma, which is then called lava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Oceanic volcanoes

A

Are non explosive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pacific Rim

A

Has the most volcanoes, is a subduction zone, explosive volcanoes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Divergence boundary volcanoes

A

Adding new liquid to the sea floor= non explosive volcanoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hot spot

A

Magma stays at constant position. Ex: Hawaii and yellow stone. Can tell there are hot spots by earthquake waves. S waves don’t transmit through liquid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Composite cone

A

Explosive volcanoes. Pacific rim. The greater the solid material the more explosive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Viscosity

A

The primary factors that affect the behavior of magma and lava are it’s temperature and composition. Also the amount of dissolved gases it contains. The lack Magma mobility. As lava cools viscosity increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Earthquakes can cause=

A

Liquefaction, landslides, fire, tsunami

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What countries are near the pacific rim?

A

Coastal regions of chile, Central America, Indonesia, Japan and Alaska. Also Aleutians islands

27
Q

Three different types of lavas

A

Basaltic(Mafic), Andesitic (intermediate) and Rhyolitic

28
Q

Eruption columns

A

Only found at highly viscous magmas. Fragments lava and gases are in these clouds coming out at super sonic speeds! Can rise as high as 25 miles. Because the lava is silica rich and the magma is sticky aka viscous.

29
Q

Basaltic (Mafic) lava

A

very fluid, generally a thin flow. Streamline ribbons. Low in silica. Low gas percentage. Low viscosity. Shield volcanoes, basaltic plateaus and cinder comes. Pahoehoe is an example of basaltic

30
Q

Rhyolitic (Felsic) lava

A

Opposite of basaltic. Very high in silica and gas.
Great viscosity and will have pyro clastic flows. Violent explosions!
As silica content is high it becomes hard for gases to escape

31
Q

Andesitic (intermediate) lava

A

Is the middle area of both extremes (basaltic and Rhyolitic)
Medium silica and has counts. Composite cones

32
Q

Basaltic creates two types of lava flows=

A

First studied in Hawaii.
AA- have surfaces of rough, jagged blocks with dangerously sharp edges.
Pahoehoe- exhibit smooth surfaces and sometimes resemble the twisted braids of ropes. More fluid then aa. Can change into as flows tho. Aa can not become pahoehoe

33
Q

Pyroclastic flows

A

Which consist of hot gases infused with incandescent ash and large lava fragments.

34
Q

What are lahars?

A

Is a mudflow made of material from a pyroclastic flow. These are only found to happen by explosive volcanoes.

35
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

The physical, chemical and biological laws that operate today have also operated in the geologic past. To understand ancient rocks we must understand present rocks

36
Q

Numerical date

A

Dates that specify the actual number of years that have passed since an event occurred. Radio metric dating techniques all us to accurately give a numerical date.

37
Q

Relative dates

A

When we place rocks in their proper sequence of formation- echo formed first, second, third and so in. This can not tell how long ago something took place.

38
Q

Principle of superposition

A

Refers to sedimentary rock layers. In an undefined sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above it and younger then the layer below it.

39
Q

Bombs

A

Particulars produced during volcanic eruptions that remain molten as they travel through the atmosphere and are greater than 64 mm in diameter

40
Q

What gases are in basaltic lava?

A 
Water vapor 70%
Carbon dioxide 15%
Nitrogen 5%
Sulfur dioxide 5%  
And lesser amount of chlorine, hydrogen and argon
41
Q

Mantel plumes

A

Producing volcanoes at the Hawaiian island, produced high temperature basaltic lavas with very low viscosity

42
Q

Order of geologic time scale- oldest to most recent to current time

A

Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic

43
Q

Phanerozoic

A

Greek translates to visible life. Represents the last 543 million years of geologic time and contains abundant fossils with hard skeletal parts.

44
Q

Half life of atom

A

The time required for one-half of the nuclei in a sample to decay. The rate if radioactive disintegration. Parent and daughter usually have equal 1:1 but when 1:3 happens you know 2 half lives have passed

45
Q

Who is James Hutton to geology?

A

He is the father of modern geology. Scottish physican and farmer published Theory of the Earth. Uniformitarianism was born

46
Q

Who is Nicolas Steno?

A

Danish anatomist, geologist and priest (1638-1686). First to recognize a sequence of historical events in an outcrop of sedimentary rock layers. He created the principle of superposition

47
Q

Principle of original horizontality

A

Steno also created this principle. Layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position.

48
Q

Principle of cross- cutting relationships

A

States that geologic features that cute across rocks must form after the rocks they cut through. Ex: a dike if igneous rock cuts through surrounding rock, makes a baked zone ( contact metamorphism) this intrusion occurred after the surrounding rock was placed

49
Q

Inclusions

A

Are fragments of one rock unit that have been enclosed within another.
Ex: inclusions of igneous rock contained in the adjacent sedimentary layer indicate the sediments were deposited atop the weathered igneous mass and this are younger pg 276

50
Q

Xenoliths

A

Are inclusions in an igneous intrusion that form when pieces of surrounding rock are incorporated into magma.

51
Q

Conformable

A

When layers of rock that have been deposited essentially without interruption.

52
Q

Unconformities

A

Represents a long period during which deposition ceased, erosion removed previously formed rocks and then deposition resumed.
- when deposition of a rock is interrupted Which happens all the time. All such breaks in their rocks are recorded.
There are three types of unconformities

53
Q

Angular unconformity

A

Consists of tilted or folded sedentary rocks that are overlaid by younger more flat laying strata. This shows that during a pause in deposition a period of deformation (folding or tilting) and erosion occurred.

54
Q

Disconformity

A

Is a gap in the rock record that represents a period during which erosion rather than deposition occurred. Pg 277

55
Q

Nonconformity

A

In which younger sedimentary strata overlie older metamorphic or intrusive igneous strata .

56
Q

Transform fault boundaries

A

Ex: San Andreas fault in Cali. Separates two great sections of earths lithosphere- the North American plate and the peacocks plate. Pg 192 consists of many fractures and is no straight. Each segment behaves differently creating a fault creep

57
Q

Fault creep

A

Gradual displacement of fractures in a fault and produces little seismic shaking. Other parts of the fault slip and create small to moderate earthquakes. Other fragments store energy and when that energy is released the earthquake will be severe- elastic rebound theory.

58
Q

What are the tree types of radio active decay?

A

Alpha particles, beta particle and electron forms with a proton

59
Q

Radio metric dating

A

Provides a reliable method if calculating the ages of rocks and minerals that contain particular radioactive isotopes.

60
Q

Parent

A

An unstable/radioactive isotope

61
Q

Daughter products

A

The isotopes resulting from the decay Of the parent

62
Q

AlpHa particles

A

May be emitted from the nucleus a an alpha particle consists of. 2 protons and 2 nitrons. Pg 285

63
Q

Alpha emmission

A

Emission of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. An alpha particle. Mass number is reduced by 4 and the atomic is lowered by2

64
Q

Beta emission

A

An electron (beta particle) is given off from the nucleus. Mass number rains unchanged and the atomic number increases by. 1

65
Q

Electron capture

A

An electron is captured by the nucleus. Electron combines with a proton to form a neutron. Mass number unchanged and the atomic number decreases by 1

Geology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions