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Geology > Final For Lecture Class > Flashcards

Final For Lecture Class Flashcards

0
Q

Hydrologic cycle

A

Illustrates the circulation of Earth’s water supply. Cycle is balanced

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1
Q

Processes involved in hydrologic cycle

A

Precipitation, Evaporation, Infiltration, Runoff, transpiration

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2
Q

Running water

A
  • Begins as sheet flow
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3
Q

Infiltration capacity controlled by

A
  • intensity and duration of the rainfall
  • prior wetted condition of the soil
  • soil texture
  • slope of the land
  • nature of the vegetative cover
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4
Q

Factors that determine flow velocity

A
  • Channel Gradient or slope
  • channel characteristic. (Shape, size, roughness)
  • amount of water flowing in the channel
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5
Q

What is the head of stream like

A
  • Profile is a smooth curve

- gradient decreases downstream

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6
Q

Factors that increase downstream

A
  • velocity
  • discharge
  • channel size
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7
Q

Factors that decrease down stream

A
  • gradient or slope

- channel roughness

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8
Q

What is base level?

A

It is the lowest point a steam can erode to.
Lowering base level causes erosion.
Raising base level causes deposition

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9
Q

What is a streams load?

A 
Transported material (sediment) in steam. 
Three types of load:
- dissolved load
- suspended load
- bed load
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10
Q

Capacity

A

The maximum load of solid particles a stream Can transport per unit of time. The greater the discharge, the greater the steams capacity for hauling sediment.

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11
Q

Competence

A

A measure if a streams ability to transport particles based on size rather than quantity. Increases proportionally to the square of its velocity.

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12
Q

When does deposition if a steam occur?

A

When velocity is decreased. Competence is reduced. Sediments begin to drop and be come new layers of the stream.

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13
Q

Alluvium

A

Stream sediments

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14
Q

Channel deposits

A

Bars, braided streams, deltas

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15
Q

Floodplain deposits

A 
- natural levees
•form parallel to the stream channel
• built by successive floods over many years 
- back swamps
- yazoo tributaries
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16
Q

Alluvial fans

A
  • develop where a high- gradient stream leaves a narrow valley
  • slopes outward in a broad arc
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17
Q

What are deltas?

A
  • forms when a steam enters an ocean or lake
  • consists if three types of beds
    •Forest beds • topset beds •bottom set beds
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18
Q

Stream valleys

A

• The most common landforms on earths surface.
• There are two general types of stream valleys
-narrow valleys
- wide valleys
• Stream energy is directed from side to side forming a flood plain

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19
Q

Narrow valleys

A
  • V-shaped
  • down cutting toward base level
  • features often include rapids and or waterfalls
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20
Q

Wide valleys

A
  • stream is near base level

- downward erosion is less dominant

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21
Q

Flood plains

A

There are two different types

  • erosional flood plains
  • depositional flood plains
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22
Q

Meanders

A
  • cut bank
  • cut off
  • oxbow lakes
  • meander scar
23
Q

Incised meanders

A

Meanders in steep, narrow valleys

- caused by drop in base level or uplift of land

24
Q

Terraces

A
  • Remnants of a former floodplain

- river has adjusted to a relative drop in base level by down cutting

25
Q

Drainage basin

A

Land area that contributes water to a river system.

26
Q

Drainage patterns

A

Pattern of the interconnected network of streams

  • common drainage patterns
    1. Dendritic 2. Radial 3. Rectangular 4. Trellis
27
Q

Floods

A
  • The most common and most destructive geologic hazard

- result from natural-occurring and human- induced factors

28
Q

Types of flood

A
  • regional floods
  • flash floods
  • ice jam floods
  • dam failure
29
Q

Flood control

A
  • engineering efforts
    1. Artificial levees
    2. Flood control dams
    3. Channelization
  • non structural approach through sound floodplain management
30
Q

Ground water

A
  • water found in the pores of soil and sediment, plus narrow joints and fractures in bedrock
  • largest reservoir if fresh water that is readily available to humans
  • dissolving. Groundwater produces sinkholes and caverns
31
Q

Mass Wasting

A

The downslope movement of rock and soil under the direct influence of gravity. Does not require transporting medium such as water, wind and glacial ice.

32
Q

Trigger

A

It is the last of many causes of mass wasting. Common factors are water, overstep slopes, removal of anchoring vegetation and ground vibrations from earth quakes

33
Q

What are the three parts to a river system?

A

Sediment production zone (where erosion dominates)
Sediment transport zone
Sediment deposition zone

34
Q

Laminar flow

A

Slow moving streams

35
Q

Turbulent flow

A

Water moves roughly straight line paths that parallel the stream channel. Stream flow is usually this.

36
Q

Gradient

A

The slope of a steam channel expressed as the vertical drop of a steam over a specified distance.
The steeper the gradient, the more energy available for stream flow.

37
Q

Discharge

A

The measure most often used to compare the sizes if steams. Measured in cubic meters per second

38
Q

Head or headwaters

A

Source area of where the stream begins

39
Q

Mouth

A

The point downstream where the river empties into another water body - a river, a lake or an ocean

40
Q

Change in slope is accompanied by

A

An increase in discharge and channel size and reduction in sediment particle size.

41
Q

Stream erosion

A

Raindrops help knock off sediment particles loose. Rainwater begins to flow downslope, transporting some of the material it has dislodged. With great water flow loose bigger particles can be carried away.

42
Q

Divide

A

A boundary, usually a hill it mountain, there water will flow in opposite directions on either side

43
Q

Watershed another name for drainage basin

A

An area which all water falling in it flows out through one location

44
Q

Tributary

A

A river that Feeds into another river

45
Q

Truck steam

A

The primary river flowing out of a drainage basin

46
Q

Meandering streams

A

Erosion happens on the outside if the bank and it also has high velocity there, making the cut bank. Opposite side has the point bar where deposition takes place, making a flood plain.

47
Q

Which processes result in the widening of floodplain of a meandering stream?

A

Undercutting and lateral erosion

48
Q

What is an oxbow lake?

A

Has been cuff off the original steam channel

49
Q

How are oxbow lakes formed

A

When I’ve meander erodes into another, cutting off water to part if the stream channel

50
Q

Vadose zone

A

Consists of material whose pores are filled with water and air. Upper ground water zine

51
Q

Saturated zone

A

The lower ground water zone. Consists I material whose pores are saturated with water

52
Q

Unsaturated zone

A

An area above the water table where rocks and soil are not completely filled with water. Depth if this zone depends on climate, depth of soil and type of vegetation. Plant roots draw water

53
Q

The water table

A

Is boundary between the unsaturated zone above and the saturated zone below, where rocks are entirely saturated with water.

54
Q

Natural levees

A

Parallel their channels on both banks. Built by successive floods over many years. Pg 98
When the steam over flows sediment is placed in the bank and the bank is taller.

Geology (4 decks)

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