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Geology > Geology Lab Final > Flashcards

Geology Lab Final Flashcards

0
Q

Hydrologic cycle

A

Atmosphere, biosphere and the solid earth. Water evaporates from oceans into atmosphere, precipitated and flows into rivers and underground waters back to the seas. High altitude and latitude precipitation’s water can become part of a glacier and be stores as glacial ice for tens to thousands of years before returning to the sea t

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1
Q

What are glaciers?

A

A thick mass of ice originating on land from the compaction and recrystallization of snow that shows evidence if past and present flow (movement)
Two basic cycles: hydrologic cycle and rock cycle

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2
Q

Rock cycle

A

Water as glacial ice is a powerful erosional tool and erosion plays an important part in the rock cycle

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3
Q

Alpine (valley) types of glacier

A

Glaciers in a mountain valley, which may have been Previously a stream valley. Unlike rivers they flow only a few cm per day. They can be long, short, wide or narrow. They aye be single or have branching tributaries.

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4
Q

Ice Sheets (Continental Ice Sheets) type of Glaciers

A

Much larger in scale because of the low solar radiation at the poles makes these regions eligible for massive ice accumulation. There were many ice sheets in the past but now only two remain. Greenland and Antarctic

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5
Q

Antarctic ice sheet

A

South Pole- as much as 14,000 feet thick and 5.5 million sq. miles

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6
Q

Ice caps

A

Also completely bury underlying landscapes but on a much smaller scale than ice sheets. Example: parts of Iceland and large islands in the Arctic Ocean

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7
Q

Outlet Glaciers

A

A tongue of ice normally flowing rapidly outward from an ice cap or ice sheet from mountain areas to the sea

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8
Q

Piedmont Glacier

A

Occurs when steep valley glaciers spill into relatively flat plains.
Widens onto a lowland.

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9
Q

Firn

A

Granular recrystallized snow. A translational stage between snow and ice.
More snow adds and pressure increases compacting the ice grains. After a depth of 160 ft the weight fuses the firn into a solid moss of interlocking crystals

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10
Q

Plastic flow

A

Movement within the ice shelf. The ice grains slip and slide past each other ex: like a conveyor belt

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11
Q

Basal slip

A

Ice mass slides over the surface below. The melted water acts as a lubricant over the rock

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12
Q

Ablation

A

Loss of ice and snow from a glacier

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13
Q

Zone of accumulation

A

The part of a glacier characterized by snow accumulation and ice formation. Outer limits is the snow line

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14
Q

Crevasses

A

A deep crack in the brittle surface of a glacier caused by ice flowing over irregular surfaces alone the zone if fracture

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15
Q

Glacial erratic

A

an ice transported boulder that was not derived from the nearby bedrock. Ex: central rock boulders

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16
Q

Moraines

A

Landforms made by glacial deposits of till

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17
Q

Kettle holes

A

Depressions created when blocks of ice become lodged on glacial deposits and the. Subsequently melt

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18
Q

Esker

A

Ridge composed largely of sand and gravel deposited by a stream flowing in a tunnel beneath a glacier near its terminus

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19
Q

Cirque

A

They are found high on mountainsides and tend to be wide rather than long. Bowl like hollows.

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20
Q

Normal faults

A

Are caused by tension (rock lengthening). As tension all stress pulls the rocks apart, gravity pulls for the hanging wall block. Hanging wall moves downward in relation to the footwall block (which doesn’t move)

21
Q

Reverse fault

A

Are caused by compression (rock shortening). As compressional stress pushes the rocks together. One block of rock gets pushed atop another. Footwall block is unmoved and hanging wall block has moved upward

22
Q

Thrust faults

A

Are reverse faults that develop at a very low angle and may be very difficult to recognize. Reverse faults and thrust faults place older strata on top of younger strata

23
Q

Springs

A

Places where water flows naturally from the ground ( from spaces in the bedrock)

24
Q

Disappearing streams

A

Streams that terminate abruptly by seeping into the ground

25
Q

Tarn

A

A small lake in a cirque

26
Q

Glacial erosion - they shape the land with many topographical features

A

They erode the land in two primary ways:

Plucking and Abrasion

27
Q

Plucking- glacial erosion

A

As a glacier flows over a fracture bedrock surface is loosens and lifts blocks if rock and incorporates it into the ice

28
Q

Abrasions - glacial erosion

A

As the ice and it’s load of rock fragments move over bedrock it works a sandpaper and polishes the scratches the rock causing strait ions and grooves, which can show you the directions of which the glacier has come from

29
Q

Synclines

A

Are down folds or concave folds with yr youngest rocks in the middle

30
Q

Anticlines

A

A ridge shaped fold of striated rock in which the strata slope downward from the crest

31
Q

Domes and basins

A

Bare large somewhat circular structures formed when strata are wrapped upward, like an upside down bowl (dome) or downward like a bowl (basin)

32
Q

Confining beds

A

Impermeable bedrock materials that prevent the flow of water. Ex: clay, mudstone, shale or dense igneous and metamorphic rock

33
Q

Confined aquifers

A

Rock strata that conduct water, opposite of confining beds or aquitards. Ex: sandstones and limestones

34
Q

Sinkholes

A

Surface depressions formed by the collapse of caves or other large underground void spaces

35
Q

Solution valleys

A

Valley- like depressions formed by a linear series of sinkholes or collapse of roof of a linear cave

36
Q

Alluvium

A

Consists if gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Sediment that is transported during erosion of land. Brought to flood plains, point bars. Channel bars, deltas and alluvial fans

37
Q

Stream drainage system

A

The system where when it rains. Sheet flows form due to rain fall creating small streams to larger streams to large rives and then to lakes of oceans

38
Q

Dendritic pattern - stream drainage patterns

A

Resembles the branching of a tree. Common where a stream cuts into clay lying layers of rock or sediment. Also where a stream cuts into homogeneous rock (crystalline igneous rock) or sediment (sand)

39
Q

Rectangular pattern - steam drainage pattern

A

A network of channels with right- angle bends that form a pattern of interconnected rectangles. Developed over rocks that ate fractured or faulted in two main directions that are right angles

40
Q

Beach

A

A gently sloping deposit of sand and gravel along the edge of shoreline

41
Q

Delta

A

A sediment deposit at the mouth of a river where it enters an ocean or lake

42
Q

Washover fan

A

A fan shaped deposit of sand or gravel transported and deposited landward of the beach during a storm or very high tide

43
Q

Spit

A

A sand bat extending from the end of a branch into the mouth of an adjacent bay

44
Q

Wave cut cliff

A

Seaward facing cliff a long a steep shoreline, produced by wave erosion

45
Q

Wave cut platform

A

A bench or shelf at sea level or lake level along a steep shore and formed by wave erosion.

46
Q

Groin

A

A short wall constructed perpendicular to the shoreline in order to trap sand and make build up a beach. Sand accumulated on the up-current side of te groin in relation to the long shore current

47
Q

Tombolo

A

A sand bar that connects an island with the mainland or another island

48
Q

Stack

A

An isolated rocky island near a headland cliff

49
Q

Tied island

A

An island connected to the mainland or another by a tombolo

Geology (4 decks)

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