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AICP - JB > Second AICP Deck > Flashcards

Second AICP Deck Flashcards

1
Q

Adverse Possession

Nickname
Def

A

Squatter’s Rights - gaining legal title to real property through active/hostile possession of it to the exclusion of its true owner. There is a statutory time limit that needs to be met, various by state ranging from 5 - 21 years.

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2
Q

4 impediments to housing construction (State of the Nation’s Housing 2018)

A
  • supply of skilled workers
  • cost of building materials
  • depletion of developable lots
  • density and residential uses limited by land-use regs and zoning
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3
Q

Percentage of US households that are cost burdened (>30% income on housing costs) in ~2018

A

35%

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4
Q

Range of average costs per square foot of construction, residential in the US (~2018)

A

$150/300 / sq ft

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5
Q

2010 to 2020 US Census trends:

- metropolitan populations

A
  • metro populations grew by 9% for a total of 86%
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6
Q

2010 to 2020 US Census trends:

- percentage of US counties with declining population

A

52%

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7
Q

2010 to 2020 US Census trends:

- Percent of US metro areas that experienced population growth

A

90%

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8
Q

2010 to 2020 US Census trends:

- fastest growing US metro area

A

The Villages, FL

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9
Q

2010 to 2020 US Census trends:

- race and ethnicity

A

US is more multiracial - (most likely not a real change, but a new awareness allowed by the new question formats)

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10
Q

2010 to 2020 US Census trends:

- states with the highest diversity, as measured through the DI (diversity index)

A
  • Hawaii, CA, NV
  • Maryland, TX, DC
  • NY, NJ
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11
Q

2010 to 2020 US Census trends:

- percentage and changes in the adult population

A

78% total, 10% growth

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12
Q

2010 to 2020 US Census, Housing trends:

-states that lost housing units

A

WV and Puerto Rico

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13
Q

2010 to 2020 US Census, Housing trends:

- state with most absolute housing growth

A

TX

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14
Q

2010 to 2020 US Census, Housing trends:

- # of housing units

A

~140 mill

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15
Q

2010 to 2020 US Census, Housing trends:

- vacancy rate for US households

A

~10%

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16
Q

4 Agricultural Preservation Planning Tools

A
  • Urban growth boundaries,
  • purchase of development rights,
  • exclusive ag zoning
  • right to farm provisions
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17
Q

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

Date
Content

A

2009

  • ~$800bill
  • create and save jobs,
  • spur long-term investment and economic growth
  • increased accountability in gov spending
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18
Q

Antiquities Act

Date
Content

A

1906

President Theodore Roosevelt

mandates the protection of archeological sites and artifacts found on public land; authorizes president to establish National Monuments

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19
Q

Biophilic Design

Description
Premier city

A

architectural style that both decreases environmental impacts and connects us to the natural world in the pursuit of health and productivity

Singapore - “city in a garden”

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20
Q

Blue Roof

Def
Relation to Green Roof
Example

A
  • stores water on the roof of a structure to reduce stormwater impacts
  • cheaper and more effective than a green roof at stormwater management (though lacks other benefits of energy use reduction, habitat, aesthetic, life cycle costs)
  • ex: collecting roof water into rain barrels
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21
Q

Low-Impact Development

A

(LID)

managing stormwater as close to the source as possible to reduce runoff and pollutant loadings

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22
Q

Economic Base Theory

A

Basic vs. Non-Basic Sectors

Goal: have exports - have a strong Basic Sector

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23
Q

Economic Theory: another name for ‘invisible hand’ theory

A

Supply and Demand Theory

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24
Q

Location Quotient (LQ)

A

measures relative significance of a sector’s employment - specialization; commonly calculated for economic development purposes within a city/region; ratio between local economy and benchmark economy for a given job base

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25
Q

Basic sector jobs

def

A

Employment that produces export economy, and so are dependent on external demand

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26
Q

What is the status of the basic sector if the location quotient is greater than 1?

A

Some of the jobs are basic sector jobs.

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27
Q

Economic Theory: Shift-Share Analysis

A

understanding the balance between national economic effects, industrial mix component, and specific economic specialization/competitiveness.

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28
Q

Agglomeration benefits and issues

A

Urbanization
Industrialization
Localization

crowding, traffic, etc.

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29
Q

Ideal Jobs-to-Housing ratio

A

1 - 1.6

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30
Q

Fiscal Impact Analysis

A

Calculating…
Revenues &
Expenditures
to figure out if your municipal taxes need to go up

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31
Q

Major Fiscal Impact Analysis models (2)

A

Average cost

Marginal cost

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32
Q

Structural Unemployment

A

unemployment that occurs because of specific economic structural shifts (as opposed to general cyclical trends)

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33
Q

planner associated with mt. Laurel doctrine

A

Paul Davidoff

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34
Q

3 Cs of participatory planning

A

Coalition building
consensus building
conflict resolution

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35
Q

Broadacre City

architect
date
concept

A

Frank Lloyd Wright
1935+
-Democratic city using technology and AUTOMOBILES to decentralize
-intermingled farms and houses
-private ownership of house, farm, and workplace - public ownership of utilities, transportation, etc.
Model city toured the US and Europe

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36
Q

Common examples of businesses that can turn into brownfield sites

A

Gas stations, hair dresser, dry cleaners

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37
Q

Build-to Lines

A

A line to which a building must be expanded/contracted to. Like a setback, but the opposite.

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38
Q

Capitalization Rate

Def
Calc

A

estimated rate of return generated from real estate investments

calculated by dividing a property’s net operating income by the current market value

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39
Q

Cities in Transition

Def

A

cities facing major regeneration challenges
resulting from fundamental
short- or long-term economic, demographic, or physical changes.

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40
Q

Boom Bust City

A

Typically Sun Belt cities, with economies driven by construction and real estate, fell with the Great Recession and the collapse of the housing bubble. Not shrinking, but not growing anymore.

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41
Q

Clawback Clause

A

Allows states to get money back/be protected from economic development incentives they bestow on private companies when job growth goals are not met. Not a thing in all states.

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42
Q

2 Other names for Climate Action Plans

A

Hazard Mitigation Plans

Post-Disaster Plans

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43
Q

Date and Location of first municipal Climate Action Plan (CAP) in the US

A

Portland, OR

1993

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44
Q

Colonias

def, situation

A

Community/neighborhood, in Spanish. Mostly located in TX, but also in NM, AZ, and CA. informal settlements of mostly immigrant children (US Citizens), often lacking basic infrastructure and necessities.

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45
Q

Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council (1992)

A

Issue: Lucas owned beachfront property, which became a conservation zone and prohibited further development.

Winner: Lucas

Precedent: Defined a regulatory taking and required that compensation is still required for a regulatory taking of all economic use

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46
Q

CPTED

A

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

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47
Q

5 key elements in planning for diverse communities (APA PAS Report 2019)

A 
Economic Opportunity
Transportation Access
Housing Affordability
Health and Safety
Placemaking
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48
Q

Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)

Date content

A

1972

  • coastal resource management, including the great lakes
  • includes three programs:
    • National Coastal Zone Management Program
    • National Estuarine Research Reserve System
    • Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program
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49
Q

Bay Area Rapid Transit System (BART) started in…

A

1972

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50
Q

4 general components of a comprehensive plan

A
  • existing conditions (eg, demographics)
  • goals and objectives
  • implementation strategies (eg, implementation schedule)
  • future land-use map
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51
Q

Penn Central Transportation Co. v The City of New York (1978)

Issue
Winner
Precedent

A

Issue: Owner of Penn Central Station wanted to build offices above the station, but was prevented from using the airspace above the station IN THIS MANNER because of the Landmarks Preservation Commission and their designation of Penn Central as a historic landmark

Winner: City of NY

Outcome: No taking had occurred, especially b/c the Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) allowed owner to profit from airspace above the station

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52
Q

Transactive Planning

concept
person

A

Norman Krumholz and John Friedmann - alternative to rational planning, based on community rationality - human dialogue and mutual learning b/w planners and people affected

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53
Q

4 theories of urban development (DESIGN)

name - person - city

A

concentric circle - Ernest Burgess (Chicago)

sector - Homer Hoyt (Chicago)

central place - Walter Christaller

multiple nuclei - Harris and Ullman

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54
Q

7 theories of planning practice

A 
Rational
Incremental
Mixed Scanning
Advocacy
Transactive
Radical
Communicative
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55
Q

Planning Practice Type: Applying the scientific method to city planning

A

Rational Planning

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56
Q

Planning Practice Type: dominant planning practice theory through 1950s, and persisting in transportation planning today

A

Rational Planning

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57
Q

“The Science of Muddling Through”

Author
Date
Associated planning practice theory

A

Charles Lindblom
1959
incremental planning

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58
Q

Planning Practice Type: Person associated with Incremental Planning

A

Charles Lindblom

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59
Q

Planning Practice Type: views planning decisions at two levels - the big picture and the small picture; compromise b/w rational and incremental planning theories

A

Mixed Scanning

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60
Q

Planning Practice Type: Which planning theory is Amitai Etzioni associated with?

A

Mixed Scanning

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61
Q

Planning Practice Type: improved upon incrementalism by recognizing difference b/w policy-changing decisions and implementation decisions

A

Mixed Scanning

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62
Q

Advocacy Planning

Date
Person

A

1960s

Paul Davidoff

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63
Q

Planning Practice Type: plans should represent various interests, resulting in plural plans for public consideration

A

Advocacy Planning

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64
Q

Planning Practice Type: Person associated with equity planning / transactive planning in Cleveland, OH during the 1970s

A

Norman Krumholz

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65
Q

Planning Practice Type: planners should work to redistribute power, resources, or participation (type and person)

A

Transactive Planning, Norman Krumholz

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66
Q

“Retracking America: A theory of Transactive Planning”

Author
Date

A

John Friedmann

1973

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67
Q

Planning Practice Type: developed in the 1970s to get the public involved in the planning process

A

Transactive planning

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68
Q

What other book and planning theory is John Fridman associated with?

A

radical planning , “Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action” (1987)

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69
Q

Planning Practice Type: puts planning power in the people’s hands - citizens get together and develop their own plans

A

Radical Planning

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70
Q

Planning Practice Type: current planning theory of choice, which involves a more open process with intensive citizen participation

A

Communicative Planning

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71
Q

“Rules for Radicals”

Date
Author
Planning Practice Type

A

1971
Saul Alinksy
Advocacy Planning

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72
Q

Planning Practice Type and planner associated with the Back of the Yards movement

A

Saul Alinsky

Advocacy Planning

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73
Q

“Ladder of Participation”

Date
Author

A

Sherry Arnstein

1969

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74
Q

Who authored the 1916 NYC Zoning code?

What is special about this legislation?

A

Edward Bassett and George McAneny

first comprehensive zoning ordinance in the US

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75
Q

considered to be the “father of zoning”

A

Edward Bassett

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76
Q

Transportation demand management (TDM)

A
  • strategies aimed at maximizing traveler choices

- focuses on reducing single occupancy vehicle (SOV) trips

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77
Q

Guaranteed Ride Home (GRH) program

concept

A

provides commuters w/ a number of free on-demand car rides home if emergencies arise. This allows commuters who do not drive person vehicles to have peace of mind.

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78
Q

first urban plan

Year
Author
Place

A

1909
Daniel Burnham
Chicago

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79
Q

Who founded the Congress for New Urbanism?

A

Peter Calthorpe

80
Q

Father of regional planning

A

Patrick Geddes

81
Q

father of city planning

A

Daniel Burnham

82
Q

father of modern ecology

A

Ian McHarg

83
Q

Father of the modern housing code

A

Lawrence Veiller

84
Q

Satisficing

concept
person

A

Economic assumption about behavior in which actors pick on outcome that achieves an acceptable level among multiple goals (as opposed to the optimal level) - “making do”

Herbert Simon

85
Q

Associated Person w/ Planning Theory:

concentric circle

A

Ernest Burgess

86
Q

Associated Person w/ Planning Theory:

sector

A

Homer Hoyt

87
Q

Associated Person w/ Planning Theory:

central place

A

Walter Christaller

88
Q

Associated Person w/ Planning Theory:

multiple nuclei

A

Harris and Ullman

89
Q

First president of ACPI

A

Frederick Law Olmstead Jr.

90
Q

What case did Alfred Bettman argue?

A

Village of Euclid v Ambler Realty Co.

91
Q

authors of first comprehensive plan (Cincinnati 1925)

A

Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe

92
Q

When and how was APA formed?

A

1978

American Institute of Planners (AIP) + American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO)

93
Q

first president of American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO)

A

Alfred Bettman

94
Q

Person who designed the citizen-led planning commission process to disrupt municipal corruption

A

Alfred Bettman

95
Q

Who drafted the Standard Enabling Acts?

A

Alfred Bettman

96
Q

TNCs

A

Transportation Network Companies

Uber, Lyft

97
Q

city with first electric street car

A

Richmond, VA

98
Q

city with first elevated train

A

Chicago, IL

99
Q

Intermodal centers, 2 different types

A
  • facilitates transfers b/w different transportation modes for individuals
  • facilitates freight transfers for cargo
100
Q

Tenants of Vision Zero

A
  • traffic deaths are preventable
  • integrate human failing
  • prevent fatal and severe crashes
  • systems approach
  • saving lives in not expensive
101
Q

CBD

A

Central Business District

102
Q

Federal Transportation Policy Trends Pre- 1950

A

Moving commuters into CBD

103
Q

Federal Transportation Policy Trends 1950 - 1990

A

Focused on roadways and moving vehicles - increase VMT

104
Q

ISTEA 1991 - 1997 focuses on

A

focuses on federal funding for multimodal transportation

105
Q

Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs)

A
  • Federally mandated by 1962 Highway Act

- exist for urban (>200,000) and rural (50,000) areas

106
Q

With roadway Level of Service (LoS), what is slowest acceptable rating?

A

D

107
Q

What are the three Cs that are the priorities for federal transportation funding?

A

Continuing
Cooperative
Comprehensive

108
Q

1st amendment key points

A

freedom of:

  • religion
  • speech (press)
  • assembly
  • petition for redress of grievances
109
Q

5th amendment key points:

A
  • Due process - procedural justice

- just compensation for eminent domain

110
Q

14th amendment key points

A
  • citizenship
  • due process protections for life, liberty, and property
  • equal protection of laws
111
Q

3 Planning movements of the 19th century (1800s)

A

Public Health
Garden City
City Beautiful

112
Q

6 planning movements in the 1800s and 1900s, in order

A 
Public Health
Garden City
City Beautiful
City Efficient
City Humane
City Functional
113
Q

Which planning movement focused on

  • industrial safety requirements
  • maximum work hours
  • minimum housing standards
  • public recreation amenities
  • ensuring the provision of light and air in cities
A

Public Health Movement (late 1800s)

114
Q

Which planning movement was a reaction to industrialization and poor living conditions in cities, and was predicated on the inherent immorality of the city, a return to the country
village, and the sacredness of nature.

A

Garden City Movement, started in 1898/1902 with Ebenezer Howard’s book

115
Q

Which planning movement proposed public greenbelts and agricultural areas surrounding self-supporting, satellite communities ringing a central city with maximum populations to prevent sprawl.

A

Garden City Movement

116
Q

Which planning movement revived city planning as part of municipal government, established quasi-independent citizen planning commissions, and emphasized physical site planning?

A

City Beautiful Movement

117
Q

Which planning movement emerged from the 1893 Columbian Exposition @ the Chicago World Fair?

A

City Beautiful Movement

118
Q

Which planning movement focused on the passage of new laws and court cases relative to land use, zoning, subdivision control, and administrative planning regulation?

A

City Efficient Movement

119
Q

Which planning movement focused on public services and infrastructure (eg, highways and sewers)?

A

City Efficient Movement

120
Q

Which planning movement developed as a result of the 1930s Great Depression?

A

City Humane Movement

121
Q

Which planning movement focused on social and economic issues and ways of alleviating the problems of unemployment, poverty, and urban plight?

A

City Humane Movement

122
Q

Which planning movement emerged in the 1940s with the growing military and renewed US industrialization?

A

City Functional Movement

123
Q

Which planning movement emphasized administrative efficiency and increased federal gov role in local planning?

A

City Functional Movement

124
Q

Significance of Section 701 of the 1954 Housing Act

A

Section 701 spurred local and regional comprehensive planning by providing federal funding. First targeted at small towns (pop <25,000), then spread to all towns and states.

125
Q

Which Housing Act expanded federal funding eligibility to regional councils (aka councils of government)?

A

1965 Housing Act

126
Q

Designer of Letchworth

A

Sir Raymond Unwin

127
Q

Letchworth and Welwyn are examples of…

A

Garden City Movement in Britain

128
Q

Who designed Welwyn?

A

Louis deSoissons

129
Q

City Planning Expert of the 1920s

A

Robert Moses

130
Q

TVA

A

Tennessee Valley Authority

131
Q

When was the TVA created?

A

1933 - soon in the Great Depression

Tennessee Valley Authority

132
Q

Who designed Radburn, NJ?

A

Henry Wright and Stein

133
Q

Where were the three greenbelt towns, associated with the Resettlement Act of 1935?

A

Greenbelt, MD
Greenhills, OH
Greendale, WI

134
Q

Who was the first leader of the Resettlement Administration?

A

Rexford Guy Tugwell

135
Q

The greenbelt towns built by the Resettlement Administration were inspired by which city planning movement?

A

Garden City Movement

136
Q

What is the urbanized northeastern US seaboard called, and who called it this?

A

Megalopolis, Jean Gottmann, 1961

137
Q

Who designed Riverside, IL, and what was the significance of this city?

A

Frederick Law Olmstead (OG) and Calvert Vaux - model for future US suburbs - first planned community (1869)

138
Q

two railroads that join to form the first transcontinental
railroad

Where they join

A

Union Pacific
Central Pacific

Promontory Point, Utah

139
Q

Who founded the Sierra Club, and when?

A

John Muir 1892

140
Q

two parties who resolve AICP ethics issues

A

AICP Ethics Officer and the AICP Ethics Committee

141
Q

Current AICP ethics officer

A

Jim Peters

142
Q

What percentage of US HH receive the long form of the US Census?

A

17%

143
Q

of subjects in the short form of the US Census

A

7

144
Q

Urbanization trends: percentage of US population in urban areas 2000, 2010, 2020

A

79%, 81%, 83%

145
Q

Census classifications: do Urbanized Areas or Urban Clusters have greater population?

A

Urbanized Areas (>50,000) have greater population than Urban Clusters (2,5000-50,000 people)

146
Q

Which body delineates Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)?

A

US OMB (Office of Management and Budget)

147
Q

Minimum populations of a metropolitan statistical area (MSA)?

A

50,000 city + total metro population of 100,000

148
Q

Which is the smallest level that all census data is released?

A

census tract

149
Q

what is a tribal designated statistical area?

A

a unit drawn by tribes that do not have a recognized area

150
Q

the American Community Survey replaces which form of the census?

A

long form

151
Q

generation born 1928-1945

A

Silent Generation

152
Q

generation born 1946 - 1964

A

Baby Boomers

153
Q

generation born 1965 - 1980

A

Generation X

154
Q

generation born 1981 - 1996

A

Millennials / Generation Y / Echo Boomers

155
Q

generation born 1997 - 2012

A

Generation Z

156
Q

generation born 2012 - ~2025

A

Generation A

157
Q

Generations cohorts in order, 1928 - 2012

A 
Silent Generation
Baby Boomers
Generation X
Millennials
Generation Z
Generation A
158
Q

Which two cities in Jean Gottman’s book megalopolis about?

A

Washington DC and Boston MA (the edges of the urban eastern seaboard)

159
Q

Grand Coulee Dam

what
lake formed
purpose
construction date
epithets (2)
A

dams Columbia River in PNW; forms Lake Roosevelt; irrigates central Washington state; construction finished 1941; largest concrete structure and largest sources of hydropower in the US

160
Q

Another name for a Superfund site

A

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)

161
Q

CERCLA act

date
content

A

1980
created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries; provided broad Federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment; created liability for polluters; created trust fund to clean up pollution when no responsible party could be identified.

162
Q

Wrack

A

marine vegetation (that accumulates on beaches at high water marks)

163
Q

square feet in an acre

A

43560 sq ft

164
Q

acres in a hectacre

A

2.47

165
Q

When and where was the first urban growth boundary established?

A

Lexington, KY 1958

166
Q

ETJ

full name
concept

A

Extra-Territorial Jurisdiction

state laws allow a city, town, or other incorporated place to have zoning, land use, and/or development approval jurisdiction for a given distance outside of their territorial boundary.

167
Q

location of the first historic preservation commission

A

Vieux Carre, New Orleans, LA

168
Q

location of the first historic preservation ordinance

A

Charleston, SC

169
Q

oldest land trust in the world

A

MA Trustees of Public Reservations

170
Q

date of establishment for National Park Service

A

1916

171
Q

Census trends: US population in poverty 2000 2010 2020

A

12%, 15%, 11%

172
Q

location of first US department store

A

Salt Lake City, UT

173
Q

ZIP code

A

Zone Improvement Plan Code

174
Q

Urban Service Area

A

Area of land targeted for new or improved infrastructure over 5-10 years

175
Q

COG

A

Council of Governments

176
Q

another name for a COG

A

Regional Council

177
Q

another name for a COG

A

Regional Council

178
Q

Tysons Corner, VA is an example of a …

A

edge city

179
Q

edgless cities

concept
person

A

Robert Lang

suburban office space that lacks density and cohesiveness of edge cities

180
Q

city with first parking regs

A

Columbus OH

181
Q

State with first concurrency resolutions

A

Florida (adequate public facilities ordinance)

182
Q

the San Antonio River Walk and the Griffith Observatory are examples of…

A

Works Progress Administration projects

183
Q

survey township

A

historical tool used to designated land ownership. 36 sq miles large

184
Q

Which is usually a higher number? Net density or gross density

A

net density

185
Q

Density calc.

Difference between net density and gross density

A

total dwelling units / area

net density: area of individual lots

gross density: area of individual lots + street rights-of-way and common areas

186
Q

Typical density of single-family residential

A

1-12 dwelling units / acre

187
Q

Typical density of townhomes

A

13-24 dwelling units / acre

188
Q

Typical density of apartments

A

20 - 30 dwelling units / acre

189
Q

where was the first planning board established?

A

Hartford, CT

190
Q

Which level of government determines annexation requirements?

A

State Gov

191
Q

This author’s work formed the basis for GIS analysis

A

Ian McHarg

192
Q

The name for places with poor ambient air quality

A

Non-attainment areas

193
Q

what is the “shy distance”?

A

sidewalk area that pedestrians tend to avoid

194
Q

Laws governing telecommunications:

A

1934 Communications Act
1996 Telecommunications Act
2012 Spectrum Act

195
Q

Goals of the 1996 and 2012 telecommunications acts

A

encourage development of wireless facilities to improve service nationwide; by preserving local zoning yet clarifying that local zoning cannot ban the construction, modification, or placement of telecommunications facilities in any area.

196
Q

Specifications / content of 2012 Spectrum Act

A

state / local govs are forbidden to deny requests to modify (ie, collocate new equipment, remove equipment, replace equipment) wireless equipment as long as the modifications do not substantially change the physical dimensions of the tower or facility

AICP - JB (4 decks)

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