Last week Flashcards
When was the social security act first passed?
1935
What was a main community design related outcome of the Serviceman’s Readjustment Act?
accelerating the growth of the suburbs
National Trust for Historic Preservation - created when by whom?
1949, chartered by Congress
Person associated with Garden City movement
Ebenezer Howard
Person associated with City Beautiful movement?
Daniel Burnham
Euclid v. Ambler happened during which city planning movement?
City Efficient movement (1916-1920s)
What event marks the transition from the City Efficient to the City Humane movements?
Great Depression
What planning movement are we in now, and when did this movement start?
New Urbanism movement, began in the 1980s
People (3) associated with New Urbanism
Peter Calthorpe
Andres Duany
Elizabeth Plater-Zybek
What planning theory style are most plans, and why?
Rational planning theory, because it aligns with federal environmental guidelines and procedures, as well as decision making models in other disciplines.
Which planning theory focuses on uplifting the perspectives and needs of “the poor” or “minorities “?
Advocacy Planning (Paul Davidoff)
Another name for Communicative Planning theory
Collaborative Planning Theory
Person and phrases (2) associated with Communicative / Collaborative Planning theory?
John Forester
“Planning in the face of power”
“Planning in the face of conflict”
3 categories of participation in Arnstein’s ladder
Non participation
Tokenism
Citizen Power
What are the levels of non participation in Arnstein’s ladder?
- Manipulation - “educating” citizens
2. Therapy - experts “helping” citizens
What are the levels of tokenism in Arnstein’s ladder?
- Informing - one-way flow of info
- Consultation - inviting opinion through surveys, meetings, hearings, etc.
- Placation - community has “official input” in the process
What are the levels of Citizen Power in Arnstein’s ladder?
- Partnership - redistribution / balanced power between citizens and officials.
- Delegated Power - citizens make decisions for specific parts of the planning process / implementation.
- Citizen Control - citizens make decisions and hold the funding for plan creating and implementing.
Describe Central Place theory
Emphasizes the [role of a city within its surrounding region - economic hub ]
urban spatial development theory that originated from agricultural economies, in which city size and location are determined by food product distribution networks.
Hierarchical spatial development
3 theories of urban spatial development
Linear
Cluster
Hierarchical
Outcome of the Pullman, IL model employer built town
Employee strikes, and IL Supreme Court decision required Pullman to sell homes to current residents.
Person associated with place-based urban planning / placemaking
Jane Jacobs
“The Power Broker” by Robert Caro focuses on which famous planner?
Robert Moses
A contributing factor to Oregons strong urban growth boundary process
Statewide land use planning defines the urban growth boundaries for every metro area.
Typical section (def)
Engineering term for cross section diagram
Service Load (def)
Engineering term - estimated amount of pressure a structure can support
What does CAD stand for?
Computer Aided Design
World population
( < ) 8billion
US population size
330million
Natural increase (def)
Difference between the birth rate and the death rate
Which population generation is credited for the US counterculture and environmental movements?
Baby Boomers (dad, born 1964, last year of baby boomers)
Which US population generation is currently the largest?
Millennials (Gen Y) - me!
Randall Arendt
Coined “rural by design” - compact development + preservation / conservation of open space
Some current/modern characteristics of “rural by design”
Infill neighbourhoods
Form-based codes
Green infrastructure and low impact development
What are George Kellinger and James Wilson known for?
Broken windows theory
What is Richard Florida associated with?
The creative class concept
6 pollutants regulated by the Clean Air Act
lead ozone carbon monoxide nitrogen dioxide sulfur dioxide particulate matter
WOTUS - def and content
Waters of the United States
any navigable waterway - any water way with tides / movement that can be used for commerce.
stormwater infrastructure like ditches and ponds usually dont count as WOTUS
Mugler v. Kansas (1887)
I
W
P
Issue: Kansas passed reg prohibiting manufacture and sale of beer/malt liquor. Mugler continued to operate his pre-existing brewery. 5th amend - is the state taking Muglers property? 14th amen - is the state reg a proper exercise of police power?
Winner: Kansas
Precedent: regulation of a nuisance like a brewery is allowed and is not a taking (not just compensation needed).
4 federal transportation acts, names and dates
(2015) (FAST) Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act
(2012) (MAP-21) Moving America for Progress in the 21st Century
(2005) (SAFETEA-LU) Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users
(1991) (ISTEA) Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
Which type is larger:
Panamax Vessel or Post-Panamax Vessel
Post-Panamax Vessel - cannot fit through the Panama canal. Assumed to be even more polluting.
Fiscal Impact Analysis
determines expected revenues and costs of a proposed project on a jurisdiction’s annual revenues and expenses
how often do full censuses occur?
every 10 years - “decennial” census
Census: what is an urbanized area?
area with more than 50,000 ppl
levels of census geography - large to small
Metropolitan Statistical Area Urbanized Area Designated Place Tract Block Group Block
which is the smallest unit of the decennial census counting population size?
Census tract
Census Tract - definition, creation
average of 4,000ppl, but can range from 1,200 -8,000 ppl
tracts are defined by local governments in partnership with the census bureau
Which geographic area is used by gov to designate regions for community development (Enterprise Zones, New Market Tax Credits, etc)
Census Tracts
NAICS - meaning
North American Industry Classification System
How often is NAICS conducted?
~ every 3 years
simple definition of GIS
a tool that connects a database to a visual
LBCS - meaning and def
Land-Based Classification Standards - standardizes which colors are used where in land use maps
what are the five dimensions of a Land-Based Classification Standard?
- Activity: use
- Function: economic use (manufacturing/commercial/residential)
- Structure: type of building
- Site Development Character: status of development on the land
- Ownership: public/private/other
How many categories does each dimension of the Land-Based Classification Standards have?
9
Section (survey term)
1 sq mile - 640 acres
Range (survey term)
distance measurement east to west, in units of 6 miles
What amount of land were settlers granted through the 1862 Homestead Act
quarter section - ¼ mile squared - 160 acres
Which federal department manages the census?
Department of Commerce
the 5 strategic points of intervention for planning
- Long Range Community Visioning/Goal Setting
- Plan Making
- Standards, Policies, Incentives
- Development
- Public Investments - (capital improvement program)
the two types of scenario planning
- Normative - scenarios all achieve a target
2. Exploratory - scenarios are open ended and based on known unknowns - “alternative futures”
difference between estimates, projections, and forecasts
Estimate - a number that cannot be measured directly
Projection - prediction about the future
Forecast - analysis that shows what the future will most likely look like
4 forecasting methods
- Extrapolation
- Cohort Component
- Shift-Share Analysis
- Input-Output Analysis
define Extrapolation
forecasting method - analysis that creates trend lines (linear, log, etc.) to forecast the future
define Cohort Component
forecasting method - analysis of births, deaths, and migration to forecast future population, in the form of 5-year population cohorts (population pyramid style)
define Shift-Share Analysis
forecasting method - analysis which uses local employment changes in an industry (national share, industry mix, local shift)
define Input-Output analysis
forecasting method - analyzes the links between economic sectors and interrelationships of how changes in one industry affect another industry
practical meaning of an industry being a multiplier
when an industry is a multiplier…
–for every 1 job created in that industry, more than 1 job is created in another industry.
(–it is a basic industry)
(–it has a location quotient greater than 1)
population trend in US cities between 1980 - 2010
though urban population continued to rise, 40% of US cities (mostly in the Northeast and the Midwest) experienced population loss between 1980 - 2010
True or False - a public hearing is not considered to be a legislative action
False
Formula funding type is based on…
population size or other key indicators
BUILD
RAISE
TIGER
are what?
US Department of Transportation discretionary grant programs 2009 - 2021
advance affordable housing goals, fixing sidewalks, and enhancing the public realm are all examples of how which federal grant program can be used?
CDBG
Describe the route through which CDBGs are delivered
HUD –> locality entitlement area (>50,000 pop)
HUD–> State on behalf on non-entitlement areas, and State is supposed to use funds to benefit these areas.
NMTC stands for
New Market Tax Credit
what is the federal govs newest community development financing program, and when did it start?
Opportunity Zones, 2017
3 criteria of an Opportunity Zone
- individual poverty rate >20%
- median family income <80% AMI
- has <125% AMI and is located next to a census tract with both of the above conditions
explain how the Opportunity Zone program works
- -State run program
- -State designates 25% of eligible census tracts as “opportunity zones” for the next 10 years
- -if people or corporations invest in designated OZs, their capital gains taxes are offset by the Qualified Opportunity Fund
P3 - def
public-private partnership
FDBOM arrangement - def, context
Financing, Designing, Building, Operating, Maintenance
stages of a public private partnership P3 in which the private partner does all of the above in a long-term contract with a public entity
who pioneered form-based codes, as a part of which planning movement?
Andres Duany and Emily Talen, New Urbansim
conservation easement - def
legal agreement that allows the public use (eg, open to hiking, stormwater management, etc.) of private land
3 main sources of municipal income
- property taxes
- sales taxes
- user fees
1 mill
context
def
property taxes - charged on a millage rate
1 mill = $1 per $1,000 of assessed values
mobility fee - def
a type of impact fee govs place on new development to offset increased demand on local transportation system - can be used for capital and operational expenses
progressive vs. regressive taxes
Progressive tax - based on income
regressive tax - flat rate for all
true or false: when a municipality issues a General Obligation bond, it often requires a community referendum and a tax increase
True
Revenue Bonds - def
like impact fees - RB are repaid through taxes only by those who use the capital project the RB is funding
pay as you use
vs.
pay as you go
pay as you use (more common) - gov uses debt to finance programs/projects (and repays with interest)
pay as you go (less common) - gov uses cash to pay for programs/projects
Person associated with the Radiant City concept
Le Corbusier
Person associated with Broadacre City concept
Frank Lloyd Wright
