Sec 5 Flashcards
Rather than defining primatology as “the scientific study of nonhuman primates” … we will identify it as “the sudy of nonhuman primates for the purpose of understanding aspects of human behavior” and because it is situated within modern evolutionary theory with emphasis on adaptation – it best labeled as Anthropological Primatology.
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Anthropological primatology arose early in studies of primate anatomy that extend back to Graeco-Roman times.
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Nearly 2000 years ago, based on anatomical similarity, Galen recognized that nonhuman primates could be studied for insights on human anatomy and physiology.
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The best primate anatomists of the Renaissance were artists!
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In 1699, a physician named Tyson used anatomical analysis to produce the first scientific evidence of the close relationship between chimpanzees and humans.
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T.H. Huxley used comparative primate anatomy to support the Quadrumana-Bimana classification hypothesis.
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Knowledge of anatomy provides insights on behavior in extinct animals but this connection requires behavioral data from extant primates.
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The 1896 gorilla field “study” by Richard L. Garner was a terrific success.
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Mary Bradley Hasting supported the view that gorillas are “malignant arch fiends” – as she descrbed them in 1922.
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Solly Zuckerman’s study of captive baboons was a break-through that provided accurate insights on baboon social organization.
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The first monograph on primate behavior in the wild was published by Henry Nissen in 1931; it was based on 49 days of field observation on chimpanzee behaviors.
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The ornithologist C. Raymond Carpenter conducted the first continuous and long-term primate field studies. He began with comparisons of Panamanian howlers and spider monkeys and, after four years of field research, was rewarded with an invitation to the A.P.E. research project in which he studied wild gibbons.
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Two important members of the A.P.E. research project were the incredible comparative primate anatomist Adolph H. Schultz and the future father of anthropological primatology – Sherwood L. Washburn.
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American zoos and museums stopped collecting primates from the wild in the 1920s.
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Technological and medical advances contributed to the development of field primatology following World War II.
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The first truly long-term and continuous primate field study was initiated in 1948 by Kinj Imanishi. His study of wild Japanese macaques was the first to identify individual (by identification numbers) within a wild primate population and the first to perform a kinship study.
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Cold Spring Harbor was the setting for a conference in which the study of nonhuman primates were argued to be conduits to understanding human prehistory.
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Raymond Dart and Louis Leakey took turns studying the behaviors of wild apes in the field – gorillas in the Virunga Mountains and chimpanzees at Gombe Stream National Park.
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Goodall provisioned chimpanzees; this was a great success and the practice is used to this day.
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Goodall broke the rules by identifying her study animals as individuals with names and personalities.
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Goodall’s matrilineal names system, along with continuous and long-term research, resulted in life history data.
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Nonhuman primate life history data provides insights on human growth and development.
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Chimps and humans are more closely allied in life history variables than either is to other primates and this has huge implications for hypotheses on early human reproductive patterns, juvenile development and lifespans.
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Anthropomorphism is a perfect description for Goodall’s work.
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Goodall shocked the anthropological world with chimp data on hunting and tool-use.
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Goodall was the first anthropological primatologist to study great apes.
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Washburn influenced the development of anthropological primatology in the USA. Today, American Primatologists have been guided to “whole body-whole life” studies that incorporate quantitative and qualitative data useful to life history studies.
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Over 2000 years after Galen’s research, 500 years after the Renaissance artists studied primate anatomy, well after the insights of comparative anatomists like Tyson and TH Huxley, and 50 years after Goodall’s initial field research, “the scientific study of nonhuman primates” has matured. With a evolutionary framework and adaptive focus we engage in anthropological primatology.
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