SEA history chapter 6 NU notes Flashcards
Developmentalism eg: Explain in Indonesia , what and when was the policy of transmigration
From 1969 to 1989, about 730,000 families from islands of Java, Bali and Madura were shifted to the Outer islands
It was adopted with the intention of promoting inter-ethnic cultural understanding and to advance national integration
The officials hoped that the minority populations would learn from the ‘hardworking” Javanese and change their behaviour to be similar to the majority
Explain what was the response of the minorities for Indonesia (Developmentalism)
Muslim Separatist movement in Aceh
The Acehnese fought the war against the Dutch and the result of the Acehnese resistance in the 1950s was that they were granted special status
They had control over religion, custom law and education
In the 1970s, the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) was established during the unilateral proclamation of Acehnese independence on 4 December 1976
According to Hasan, the Acehnese represented a distinct nation with an inherent right to self-determination
Explain the government’s military solution in response to the GAM uprising (indonesia)
Suppression of the Free Aceh movement (GAM) uprising, 1989
Any threats to stability were seen as an attempt to obstruct development and it was unacceptable for Suharto
In 1989, military operations to deal with the GAM uprising were brutal and left more than 6000 dead
The military also had little regard for human rights and torture and intimidation was common
The marginalisation of minorities resulted in escalations of majority minority tensions
Explain the government’s political solution in response to the GAM uprising (Indonesia)
2005 Peace agreement between central govt and GAM leaders
In december 2005, 2 contenders from the GAM contested for Aceh governorship in a free and fair election
It was a regarded as a general success.
Developmentalism eg: Explain for Thailand when and what was the educational policy targeted at minorities
Programme for ‘Educational Improvement’ 1961
Wanted to transform the Islamic school communities (pondoks) into private schools for ISlamic education aligned with national education standards
Result: out of the 537 pondoks that existed around 1961, 109 were closed by 1971 as they refused to register and comply with the government
Explain what was the response of the minorities for Thailand (developmentalism)
The first nationalist Muslim group to emerge was Pattani People’s movement, which aimed to create an Islamic republic in Pattani
By the 1960s, there were suspicions of collaboration between members of the Malayan communist party and the Muslim Thais in the south
After 1967, there were armed clashes between the separatist groups and govt became more frequent
Pattani remained a region of unrest marked by periodic episodes of terrorist and guerrilla attacks till early 1980s
The Pattani United Liberation Organisation (PULO) was founded in 1967
Explain the government’s military solution to in response to PULO (Thailand)
Thai military campaigns, 1982 to 1983
Scores of rebels had surrendered to the government
In 1988, the Thai govt began implementing a development plan for southern provinces
It aimed to enhance security, combat terror and raise the standards of living for the people
This had limited success, as feeling of marginalisation, discrimination and alienation remained prevalent amongst Muslims
developmentalism eg: Explain what and when was the policy of transmigration for Philippines
Transmigration (Homestead programme)
From 1903 to 1973, the government sponsored the migration of Filipino Catholics to the Muslim south (called the Homestead Program)
In 1903, Muslims made up 76% of the Mindanao population
BY 1990, they constituted only 19%
Explain what was the response of the minorities for Philippines
Formation of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
The Muslims formed the MNLF with the aimed to separate from the philippines
The MNLF was to go to war against the Marcos government in late 1972 with the support of Libya, members of the Islamic conference and malaysian state of Sabah
By the end of the 1970s, the war had resulted in the deaths of thousands of filipinos, and many had become refugees
Explain the government’s negotiation in response to MNLF in Philippines
Signing of the 1976 Tripoli Agreement (Marcos regime)
The agreement provided the creation of an autonomous region in Mindanao
In return, the Moros were forced to reduce their demands from independence to autonomy
They would have to remained governed under the republic of the Philippines
FAILURE: The Philippine government denied the autonomous regions real legislative authority
Instead, they put in place martial law collaborators to head these regions
Since the government did not keep their promise, the fighting resumed in 1977
Led to the MILF from splitting with the MNLF in 1977 to take a more hardline stance against the marcos regime
Explain the government’s political solution in response to the MNLF in philippinnes
Peace agreement with the MNLF (1996)
Under Fidel Ramos’ Rule, the philippine govt signed the peace agreement with the MNLF
It included conciliatory terms, allowing the MNLF to become the overseer of economic development projects in Mindanao for three years
Peace agreement with the MILF, 2008
The Philippine govt, with the help of Kuala Lumpur and the Organisation of Islamic conference reached a similar peace agreement
It was a success, with efforts by the govt to co-opt rebel movements, seeking ceasefires and not engaging in military conflicts with them
Explain the religious policy towards the minorities in Malaysia (developmentalism)
Islamisation Programme, late 1970s
In response to the increasing Malayan Islamic Party (PAS) threat, the govt began this program to convert Orang Asli to Islamic faith
Religious officers were deployed in Orang Asli villages and converts were govern material rewards such as better housing and income earning opportunities than non converts
Explain the response of the minorities in Malaysia (developmentalism)
Orang Asli willingness to co-exist
Despite their rejection with the malay identity, the Orang Asli were still willing to co-exist within the malaysian state
They also had a lack of representation (0.5%), lack of resources, they did not disrupt internal political stability
Not a threat to the Malaysian government
Explain the MC policy in Laos and the response of the Laos
Low land (66%), Lao of the valley (24%) and Lao of the highland (10%)
Emphasis on the commonality of the Lao culture but also obscures significant differences between the ethnic groups
NEGATIVE: Highland and midland lao still felt that the lowland lao were accorded with central status
This was due to pre colonial attitudes towards the lowland lao when they were given access to education and preferential treatment
However, they still co existed
Explain the MC policy towards minorities in Vietnam
Efforts to uplift the ethnic minorities by foreign supporter s
The end of the Cold War resulted in greater attention paid to the underdevelopment of the minority communities
There was also increased commitment by foreign donors to development policies
Since 1993, the Committee for Ethnic Minorities and Mountainous Areas (CEMMA) became responsible for formulating poverty alleviation strategies through collaboration with foreign donors
Eg The World Bank supported the construction of semi-boarding primary schools for children among the minority groups
This shows that limited capacity of the Vietnamese govt in fostering national unity
