SE, Equity, Org. Culture, Culture Flashcards
Theory that “life is a marketplace”
John Thibout and Harold Kelly
What is the social exchange formula and what does it mean?
Profit=Rewards-Costs
Outcome is based on the good minus the bad
Describe comparison level
What we expect from a relationship
Gauge satisfaction
Stable outlook
Describe comparison level of alternatives
How we evaluate a relationship
(Real or perceived)
Not accurate
Fluctuation outlook
What does social exchange say about individuals
Individuals are rational actors who constantly measure rewards and costs
_____ doesn’t mean one ___ or ___
Profit doesn’t mean one stays or goes
How is social exchange theory applicable
In relationships and organizational settings
Who founded social exchange theory
George Casper Homans in 1954
Is an offshoot of social exchange theory
Equity theory
____ in our relationships is preferable to ____
Equity in our relationships is preferable to inequity
____ is ____ even in our favor
Inequity is uncomfortable even in our favors
What is perceived inequity related to
Personal and relational problems
What is the formula to equity theory and what does it mean
IaOa=IbOb
Meaning person a is equal to person b
Why does equity mean
Impartial, fair
What does inequity mean
Unfair
In equity theory, relationships are either___, _____, or ____
Under benefited
Over benefited
Equally benefited
What are some crits of equity as social exchange theory
Little value produced in coms process
Difficult to define
Invalid because of no research
Inappropriate to measure coms in Econ terms
What are some praises for equity and social exchange theory
Parsimonious-easy to understand
Somewhat heuristic-equity spawned
How to equity and social exchange theory differ
In social exchange theory individuals maintain relationships because benefits out weight costs and vice versa. Equity states that not just one person should benefit while the other suffers. I.e both benefit and cost is balanced
What believes that “people are beings suspended in webs of significance”
Organizational culture theory
Who looked into org. Culture first
Anthropologist Clifford Geertz
Explain the spiderweb metaphor or org. culture and its significance
People must distangle the web to find significance. Web being culture
Who picked up on org. culture and wrote “Cultural Approach to Organizations”
Michael Pakowsky and Nick O Donnell
Org culture believe that____ shapes ___
Communications shapes culture
Org culture believes that ____ is comprised of ____
Culture is comprised of systems
What is crucial to org culture
Use of symbols
What is the goal or org culture
The goal is not to predict or change culture but to describe is accurately
What is ethnographic study
Study of culture. Based on research and user in day to day life
What are cultural performances
Ways in which we perform in day to day life, such as at work
What are types of cultural performance
Ritual
Passion
Social
What are some crits of org culture
Limited generalization from org to org
View of org life as too unique
What is some praise of org culture
Logical consistency
Emphasis on conpexity
What is a key concept of org culture
Verbal manifestations
Nicknames, jokes, stories, etc.
“My workplace is like a…zoo, war zone, etc
How does Marx influence cultural studies
Trough superstructure which focuses on the reproduction and normalization of society
According to cultural studies, culture is composed of what two facets
Ideology-ideas, beliefs, communication
Actual practices-rituals, holidays, etc
How do scholars study culture
As a “total life cycle”
What did Stuart Hall of Bringham University do?
He questioned the roles of elite and their power to create images and shape perception
Define cultural studies “theater of struggle”
Battle for ideological control
Culture is ___ and in ____ process of ___
Culture is fluid and in continuous process of change
Culture must be ____ understood within_____ _____.
Culture must be understood within historical circumstances
Culture consists of ____ ____
Culture consists of competing ideologies
How are dominant ideologies enforced
Through social institutions
Ideological influence is NOT____
Deterministic
Means powerless
Alienation
Influence power, dominance of one group over another; participation of oppressed group
Hegemony
What is the goal of cultural studies
To change systems by empowering oppressed by:
- pointing out contradictions in society
- providing interpretations to help people understand
- identifying kinds of change
What are some critiques of cultural studies
Insufficient attention to gender
Use of methodology questioned
What is some praise of cultural studies
Heuristic
Raised muted voices
