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CM - Control > SDL 4: Eye and Ear > Flashcards

SDL 4: Eye and Ear Flashcards

1
Q

List the structures through which light entering the eye passes before reaching the retinal photoreceptors.

A
  • Cornea
  • Lens
  • Aqueous humour
  • Vitreous humour
  • Retina
  • Photoreceptors
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2
Q

What and where is the conjunctiva?

A

The epithelium covering the inner surfaces of the eyelids and the outer surface of the eye.

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3
Q

What is the function of the conjunctiva?

A
  • lubricates eye by producing mucus and tears

- immune surveillance (helps prevent the entrance of microbes into the eye)

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4
Q

What is function of the sclera?

A

attachment for muscles of the eye

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5
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

controls size of pupil/how much light is let in

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6
Q

what is the nerve supply to the circular muscle of the iris i.e. sphincter pupillae muscle?

A

postganglionic parasympathetic neurones

  • constrict pupil
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7
Q

what is the nerve supply to the radial muscle of the iris i.e. dilator pupillae muscle?

A

postganglionic sympathetic neurones

  • dilate pupil
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8
Q

which type of neurons are responsible for the pupil of the eye constricting?

A

postganglionic parasympathetic neurones

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9
Q

which type of neurons are responsible for the pupil of the eye dilating?

A

postganglionic sympathetic neurones

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10
Q

what is the nerve supply to the ciliary muscle contained within the ciliary body?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

What are cataracts?

A

A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye that affects vision

  • comes with increasing age
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12
Q

what cell of they eye produces aqueous humor?

A

ciliary body

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13
Q

functions of the ciliary body of the eye?

A
  • controll shape of lens

- production of aqueous humor

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14
Q

Aqueous humor is eventually reabsorbed into the blood stream.
Where does this reabsorption occur? Through which structures?

A
  • reabsorbed into the ciliary body where it is drained by a small duct, the canal of Schlemm
  • through which it is returned to the venous system.
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15
Q

what is the function of aqueous humor of the eye?

A
  • pressure of fluid in anterior compartment maintains shape of cornea
  • refractive properties
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16
Q

Problems with the drainage of aqueous humor can lead to glaucoma. What is glaucoma?

A
  • A group of diseases
  • intraocular pressure (pressure inside the eye) is sufficiently elevated
  • causes optic nerve damage
  • result in visual field defects.
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17
Q

what are functions of the choroid layer of the eyeball?

A
  • delivers oxygen and nutrients to retina (extensive capillary network)
  • melanocytes
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18
Q

what lines most of the posterior compartment of the eye?

A

retina

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19
Q

which cell type is responsible for colour vision?

A

cones

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20
Q

which cell type has a high level of convergence, rods or cones?

A

rods

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21
Q

which cell type of the eye is responsible for high visual acuity?

A

cones

NB: at the macula - one cone to one ganglion cell

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22
Q

why is the optic papilla the “human blind spot”?

A

There are no photoreceptors at the optic papilla, hence it forms a blind spot on the retina.

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23
Q

what eye cell type forms the optic nerve?

A

The axons of the retinal ganglion cells run over the inner surface of the retina to converge on the optic disc or optic papilla, where they turn outwards to form the optic nerve.

24
Q

What is papilloedema?

A

Swelling of the optic disc due to raised CSF pressure

25
Q

The fovea is specialised for visual activity. How?

A
  • only cone cells present

- neurones and capillaries at the fovea are displaced so cones are directly exposed to light

26
Q

Where do the blood vessels that supply the retinal cells lie?

A
  • The central retinal artery supplies the inner retina.
  • The choroid layer supplies the outer and middle layers.
  • The macula is supplied predominantly by the choroid layer.
27
Q

What is a detached retina? Why is it important to repair a detached retina as rapidly as possible?

A

Retinal detachment describes an emergency situation in which a thin layer of tissue (the retina) at the back of the eye pulls away from the layer of blood vessels that provides it with oxygen and nutrients.

28
Q

List the structures through which sound waves entering the external ear pass before reaching the auditory receptors.

A
  • External acoustic meatus and canal
  • Tympanic membrane
  • Three ossicles: Malleus, Incus, Stapes
  • Oval window
  • Cochlea
  • Round window
  • Basilar membrane
  • Receptor cells in the spiral organ
29
Q

describe sound wave transmission through the ear

A
  1. enter external war and strike tympanic membrane
  2. vibrations from tympanic membrane transmitted through ossicles
  3. base of stapes vibrates - through to open window
  4. Vibrations of the base of the stapes create pressure waves in the perilymph of the scala vestibuli.
  5. pressure waves = displacement of basilar membrane
  6. movement of basilar membrane bends hair cells of the spiral organ = stimulating action potentials conveyed by cochlear nerve to brain
  7. Vibrations are transferred across the cochlear duct to the perilymph of the scala tympani.
  8. Pressure waves in the perilymph are dissipated (dampened) by the secondary tympanic membrane at the round window into the air of the tympanic cavity.
30
Q

what is the function of the Tympanic membrane?

A
  • partition between the external acoustic meatus and the tympanic cavity of the middle ear
  • [Transmit sound wave from outer ear into the ossicles in the inner ear] o [Conversion of sound waves  Mechanical waves]
31
Q

what is the function of the ossicles?

A

transmit vibrations from tympanic membrane to middle/internal ear

32
Q

what is the function of the oval window?

A
  • Contains the perilymph within the cochlea bony labyrinth.

- Projection of the stapes onto the round window.

33
Q

what is the function of the round window?

A

Allows fluid to move in the cochlea.

34
Q

what is the function of the auditory tube?

A

equalize pressure in the middle ear with the atmospheric pressure

35
Q

which structure of the ear is responsible for equalising pressure in the middle ear with the atmospheric pressure?

A

auditory tube/ Eustachian tube

36
Q

What is ear wax made up of? How does it travel along the ear canal?

A
  • Made up of cerumen

- Movement is assisted by movement of the jaw and cell turnover

37
Q

what structure is at the end of the external auditory canal?

A

tympanic membrane

38
Q

Wheat is the function of the chorda tympani (branch of the facial nerve)?

A
  • Taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and

* Parasympathetic fibres to all salivary glands below the level of the oral fissure.

39
Q

The tympanic membrane is connected antero-inferiorly to the nasopharynx - via what structure?

A

pharyngotympanic tube.

40
Q

The middle ear is connected posteriorly to the mastoid air cells. Through what opening?

A

aditus

41
Q

Why are meningitis, brain abscess and sigmoid sinus thrombosis potential complications of middle ear infection?

A

Middle ear is connected to mastoid air cells – infection may spread to middle cranial fossa

42
Q

Why is facial nerve damage a potential complication of middle ear infection?

A

Middle ear is traversed by chorda tympani and facial canal – infection risk

43
Q

The tensor tympani and stapedius muscles are located (at least partly) in the middle ear. What is their nerve supply and what is their function?

A

Tensor tympani:
- Function:
• dampens or resists movements of the auditory ossicles
• dampens movements (vibrations) of the tympanic membrane
- Innervation:
• CN V3

Stapedius:
- Function:
• dampens or resists movements of the auditory ossicles
- Innervation:
• The nerve to the stapedius arises from CN VII

44
Q

what is the fluid that fills the inner ear cavity?

A

perilymph

45
Q

within the inner ear, is an epithelial sac, the membranous labyrinth, filled with what fluid?

A

endolymph

46
Q

The membranous labyrinth of the inner. ear, has three kinds of sensory receptor within its walls - what are they?

A

Maculae - Vestibular receptors

Christae ampullaris - Vestibular receptors

Spiral organ (Organ of Corti) - Auditory receptors

47
Q

In which regions of the membranous labyrinth are the maculae located?

A

The maculae are sensory detectors of the utricle

48
Q

The maculae are concerned with what type of sensory information?

A

Translational motion and linear acceleration detected mainly by utricle and saccule.

49
Q

what sensory information is the christae ampullaris concerned with?

A

Rotational motion and angular acceleration detected mainly by semicircular canals.

50
Q

Injury to the peripheral vestibular system can cause nystagmus and vertigo. What is meant by the terms nystagmus and vertigo?

A

Nystagmus: An unconscious, continuous movement of the eyes as if to adjust to constant motion.

Vertigo = Disturbance of balance

51
Q

Which region of the basilar membrane vibrates maximally in response to sounds of high frequency?

A

the base of the cochlear

52
Q

Which region of the basilar membrane vibrates maximally in response to sounds of low frequency?

A

the apex of cochlea

53
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the sensory fibres that contact the hair cells of the ear?

A

Spiral ganglion

54
Q

what is meant by conductive deafness?

A

defect of sound transmission up to spiral ganglion

55
Q

what is meant by sensorineural deafness?

A

defect in function of spiral ganglion or cochlear nerve

CM - Control (20 decks)

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