SDH & NGSDH Flashcards

1
Q

In North America and Japan, the primary rate is __ Mbit/s
1) 1.5 Mbit/s
2) 2 Mbit/s
3) 8 Mbit/s
4) 34 Mbit/s

A

1.5 Mbit/s

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2
Q

The analog telephone signal is sampled at a bandwidth of ____ kHz, quantized and encoded and then transmitted at a bit rate of ___kbit/s.
1) 3.1 kHz, 16kbit/s.
2) 4 kHz, 16kbit/s.
3) 3.1 kHz, 64kbit/s.
4) 4 kHz, 64kbit/s.

A

3.1 kHz, 64kbit/s.

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3
Q

primary rate is used throughout the world
1) 1024 kbit/s
2) 2048 kbit/s

A

2048 kbit/s

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4
Q

Only the USA, Canada and Japan use a primary rate of ___ kbit/s, formed by combining __ .
1) 1544 kbit/s, combining 24 channels
2) 2048 kbit/s, combining 30 channels

A

1544 kbit/s, combining 24 channels instead of 30.

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5
Q

PDH is based on ___.
1) TDM
2) PCM
3) FDM

A

PCM

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6
Q

PDH transmission capacity upto
1) 34 Mbit/s.
2) 140 Mbit/s.
3) 155 Mbit/s.

A

140 Mbit/s.

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7
Q

The PDH systems belong to the ______ generation of digital terrestrial
telecommunication systems in commercial use.
1) first
2) second
3) third

A

first generation

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8
Q

Multiplexing of 2 Mbit/s to 140 Mbit/s requires two intermediate multiplexing stages of __ Mbit/s and ___ Mbit/s.
1) 8 Mbit/s and 16 Mbit/s.
2) 8 Mbit/s and 34 Mbit/s.
3) 16 Mbit/s and 34 Mbit/s.

A

8 Mbit/s and 34 Mbit/s.

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9
Q

Multiplexing of 2 Mbit/s to 140 Mbit/s
requires multiplex equipment known as __, ___ and ___ order multiplexer
1) 1st, 2nd and 3rd
2) 2nd, 3rd and 4th
3) 3rd, 4th and 5th

A

2nd, 3rd and 4th

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10
Q

SDH transmission capacity achieved up to
1) 2.5 Gbit/s
2) 10 Gbit/s
3) 40 Gbit/s

A

40 Gbit/s

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11
Q

The network provider can use standardized network elements that can be controlled and monitored from a central location by means of a ________ system.
1) SNMP
2) TMN

A

telecommunications network
management (TMN) system.

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12
Q

SDH supports the transmission of existing PDH payloads, other than ___Mbit/s
1) 2Mbit/s
2) 8Mbit/s
3) 34Mbit/s
1) 140Mbit/s

A

8Mbit/s

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13
Q

Time period for one frame of SDH
1) 8 micro seconds
2) 125 micro seconds
1) 1000 micro seconds

A

125 micro seconds ( (time for 1
byte in 64 k bit per second))

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14
Q

SDH has _________ frames per second
1) 2048
2) 4096
3) 8000
4) 125

A

8000

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15
Q

G.707 makes a distinction between ______ and ________
1) POH and RSOH
2) POH and MSOH
3) RSOH and MSOH

A

RSOH and MSOH

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16
Q

There are still some ______ Overhead bytes transmitted as part of the payload in a network and these bytes are mainly used for the monitor, management and control of the path performance.
1) RSOH
2) POH
3) MSOH
4) AU

A

Path Overhead (POH)

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17
Q

_______ is a kind of indicator, mainly used to indicate the accurate position of the first byte of information payload in the STM-N frame
1) RSOH
2) POH
3) MSOH
4) AU

A

Administrative Unit Pointer (AU-PTR)

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18
Q

AU-PTR is located at the ______ row of 1~9 × N columns in the STM-N frame structure.
1) first
2) second
3) fourth
4) last

A

fourth row

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19
Q

____are used to combine plesiochronous and synchronous input signals into higher bit rate STM-N signals.
1) VC
2) VCG
3) TUG
4) Terminal multiplexers

A

Terminal multiplexers

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20
Q

Integrated Data Transport i.e. Ethernet tributaries in addition to 2Mb - is made possible in NG-SDH using _____
1) GFP
2) VCAT
3) LCAS
4) CCAT

A

GFP: Generic Framing Procedure

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21
Q

Integrated non-blocking, wide-band cross connect (2Mb granularity) - is made possible in NG-SDH using _____
1) GFP
2) VCAT
3) LCAS
4) CCAT

A

VCAT: Virtual concatenation

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22
Q

Dynamic Bandwidth allocation, Intelligence for topology discovery,
route computation and mesh based restoration - is made possible in NG-SDH using _____
1) GFP
2) VCAT
3) LCAS
4) CCAT

A

LCAS: Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

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23
Q

____ is an all-purpose protocol for encapsulating packet over SONET (POS), ATM, and other Layer 2 traffic on to SONET/SDH networks
1) GFP
2) VCAT
3) LCAS
4) CCAT

A

GFP: Generic Framing Procedure

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24
Q

_____ is most economical way of adopting high speed services, constant bit rate and variable bit rate, in SDH networks and can provide basis for evolving RPR.
1) GFP
2) VCAT
3) LCAS
4) CCAT

A

GFP: Generic Framing Procedure

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25
Q

GFP is defined in ITU-T __________
1) G.701
2) G.703
3) G.7041

A

G.7041

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26
Q

GFP stands for

A

Generic Framing Procedure

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27
Q

Two types of GFP mechanisms
1) GFP-P
2) GFP-F
3) GFP-V
4) GFP-T

A

2 and 4
-PDU-oriented known as Frame mapped GFP (GFP-F)
-Block-code-oriented known as Transparent GFP (GFP-T)

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28
Q

______ is useful for delay sensitive services.
1) GFP-F
2) GFT-T
3) both

A

GFP-T

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29
Q

______ is used for FC, Gigabit Ethernet etc.
1) GFP-F
2) GFT-T
3) both

A

GFP-T

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30
Q

Two concatenation schemes are
1) B-CAT
2) C-CAT
3) V-CAT
4) T-CAT

A
  1. Contiguous concatenation (C-CAT)
  2. Virtual concatenation (V-CAT)
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31
Q

__________ is used to transport pay loads that do not fit efficiently into standard set of VCs
1) Translation
2) Concatenation
3) Multiplexing

A

Concatenation

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32
Q

____________concatenation is a pointer based concatenation.
1) C-CAT
2) V-CAT

A

Contiguous concatenation (C-CAT)

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33
Q

____________ requires functionality at every N/E adding cost and complexity
1) C-CAT
2) V-CAT

A

Contiguous concatenation (C-CAT)

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34
Q

Lower order VCs (VC-12, VC3) concatenation is not possible in ____________ concatenation
1) C-CAT
2) V-CAT

A

Contiguous concatenation (C-CAT)
For VC-4 and above
Pointer based concatenation

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35
Q

VCs are routed individually and may follow different paths, within the network in ____________concatenation
1) C-CAT
2) V-CAT

A

Virtual concatenation (V-CAT)

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36
Q

Use the same core NEs, modify only edge NEs. in ____________ concatenation
1) C-CAT
2) V-CAT

A

Virtual concatenation (V-CAT)

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37
Q

LCAS is defined in ITU-T __________

A

G.7042

38
Q

______ is the key to provide “bandwidth on demand”.
1) GFP
2) VCAT
3) LCAS
4) CCAT

A

LCAS: Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

39
Q

_________ has capability to dynamically change the amount of bandwidth used in a virtually concatenated channel i.e. bandwidth management flexibility.
1) GFP
2) VCAT
3) LCAS
4) CCAT

A

LCAS: Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

40
Q

______ can dynamically change VCAT path sizes, as well as automatically recover from path failures.
1) GFP
2) VCAT
3) LCAS
4) CCAT

A

LCAS: Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

41
Q

LCAS is defined for
1) low order payloads of SDH
2) high order payloads of SDH

A

both

42
Q

Bandwidth on Schedule is possible by______
1) GFP
2) VCAT
3) LCAS
4) CCAT

A

LCAS: Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

43
Q

SDH is an ________ standard
1) ISO
2) ITU-T
3) IEEE

A

ITU-T

44
Q

C1 Container bit rate
1) 1.5 mbps
2) 2 mbps
3) 34 mbps
4) 140 mbps

A

2 mbps

45
Q

C3 Container bit rate
1) 2 mbps
2) 8 mbps
3) 34 mbps
4) 140 mbps

A

34 mbps

46
Q

C4 Container bit rate
1) 2 mbps
2) 8 mbps
3) 34 mbps
4) 140 mbps

A

140 mbps

47
Q

Adding ________ to Container (C) makes it virtual container (VC)
1) pointer
2) Path overhead

A

Path overhead

48
Q

Adding _______ to VC makes it TU (tributary unit)
1) pointer
2) Path overhead

A

Pointer

49
Q

__ number of TUs are combined to form TUG-2
1) 2
2) 3
3) 4
4) 7

A

3

50
Q

__ number of TUG-2 s are combined to form TUG-3
1) 2
2) 3
3) 4
4) 7

A

7

51
Q

3 TUG-3 + POH + SOH + PTR
1) STM-1 AU frame
2) STM-1 packet
3) STM-1 frame

A

3) STM-1 frame

52
Q

3 TUG-3 are added to form ________
1) VC-4
2) VC-2
3) VC-3
4) VC-4

A

VC-4

53
Q

__ TUG-3 are added to form VC-4
1) 2
2) 3
3) 4
4) 7

A

3

54
Q

pointer added to VC-4 makes it _____
1) TU-4
2) TUG-4
3) AU-4
4) AUG-4

A

AU-4

55
Q

SOH added to AUG makes it _____
1) TU-N
2) TUG-N
3) AU-N
4) STM-N

A

STM-N

56
Q

SOH added to ____ makes it STM-N
1) TU
2) TUG
3) AU
4) AUG

A

AUG

57
Q

_____ added to AUG makes it STM-N
1) SOH
2) ROH
3) TU-4
4) TUG-4

A

SOH

58
Q

_______ number of STM frames are sent per second
1) 1024
2) 4000
3) 8000
4) 10000

A

8000

59
Q

Basic packaging in unit for tributary signals (PDH) is
1) C
2) VC
3) TU
4) TUG

A

C

60
Q

Bit rate adaptation is done via _______procedure
1) positive stuffing
2) negative stuffing

A

positive stuffing procedure

61
Q

Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by ____
1) fixed stuffing bit
2) variable stuffing bits

A

fixed stuffing bit

62
Q

Container (C) uses _____ stuffing
1) bit-by-bit
2) byte-by-byte

A

bit-by-bit

63
Q

_____ transport as a unit through the network (SDH)
1) C
2) VC
3) TU
4) AU

A

VC

64
Q

A VC containing several VCs has also a _____ area
1) pointer
2) path overhead

A

pointer

65
Q

____ combines several TUs for a new VC
1) TUG
2) AU
3) VC

A

TUG

66
Q

TUG combines several TUs for a new ___
1) TUG
2) AU
3) VC

A

VC

67
Q

_______ is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last
1) TUG
2) AU
3) TU

A

AU

68
Q

______ is formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to AUs
1) VC4
2) TUG
3) STM-1

A

STM-1

69
Q

STM-1 is formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to ___
1) VC4
2) AU
3) TUG

A

AUs

70
Q

STM-1 is formed by adding a ______ to AUs
1) pointer
2) path overhead (POH)
3) section overhead (SOH)

A

Section Overhead (SOH)

71
Q

STM-1 uses _____ stuffing
1) bit-by-bit
2) byte-by-byte

A

byte-by-byte

72
Q

In STM-1 clock justification is through ____ in the AU pointer area
1) positive stuffing
2) negative stuffing
3) positive-zero-negative stuffing

A

positive-zero-negative stuffing

73
Q

In STM-1 clock justification is through positive-zero-negative stuffing in the ____ area
1) Path Overhead
2) AU pointer
3) Section overhead

A

AU pointer

74
Q

A frame with a bit rate of ____ Mbit/s is defined in ITU-T Recommendation G.707
1) 140 Mbit/s
2) 155.52 Mbit/s

A

155.52 Mbit/s

75
Q

A frame with a bit rate of 155.52 Mbit/s is defined in ITU-T Recommendation G______
1) G.701
2) G.707

A

G.707

76
Q

Section overhead bytes A1, A2 indicates
1) Quality monitoring, parity bytes
2) Frame alignment
3) Voice connection
4) Transmission error acknowledgement

A

Frame alignment

77
Q

Section overhead bytes B1, B2 indicates
1) Quality monitoring, parity bytes
2) Frame alignment
3) Voice connection
4) Transmission error acknowledgement

A

Quality monitoring, parity bytes

78
Q

Section overhead bytes D1-D12 indicates
1) Quality monitoring, parity bytes
2) Frame alignment
3) Voice connection
4) QECC network management

A

QECC network management

79
Q

Section overhead bytes E1, E2 indicates
1) Quality monitoring, parity bytes
2) Frame alignment
3) Voice connection
4) Transmission error acknowledgement

A

Voice connection

80
Q

Section overhead byte F1 indicates
1) Quality monitoring, parity bytes
2) Frame alignment
3) Maintenance
4) Transmission error acknowledgement

A

Maintenance

81
Q

Section overhead byte J0(C1) indicates
1) Quality monitoring, parity bytes
2) Frame alignment
3) Maintenance
4) Trace identifier

A

Trace identifier

82
Q

Section overhead bytes K1, K2 indicates
1) Quality monitoring, parity bytes
2) Automatic protection switching (APS) control
3) Maintenance
4) Transmission error acknowledgement

A

Automatic protection switching (APS) control

83
Q

Section overhead byte S1 indicates
1) Quality monitoring, parity bytes
2) Clock quality indicator
3) Maintenance
4) Transmission error acknowledgement

A

Clock quality indicator

84
Q

Section overhead byte M1 indicates
1) Quality monitoring, parity bytes
2) Frame alignment
3) Maintenance
4) Transmission error acknowledgement

A

Transmission error acknowledgement

85
Q

LCAS stands for

A

Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

86
Q

PDU-oriented GFP is known as
1) GFP-P
2) GFP-F
3) GFP-V
4) GFP-T

A

Frame mapped GFP (GFP-F)

87
Q

Block-code-oriented GFP is known
1) GFP-P
2) GFP-F
3) GFP-V
4) GFP-T

A

Transparent GFP (GFP-T)

88
Q

______ is introduces delay and latency
1) GFP-F
2) GFT-T
3) both

A

GFP-F

89
Q

________ is a layer-1 encapsulation
1) GFP-F
2) GFP-T

A

GFP-T
constant sized frames

90
Q

________ is a layer-2 encapsulation
1) GFP-F
2) GFP-T

A

GFP-F
variable sized frames

91
Q

_______ has constant sized frames
1) GFP-F
2) GFP-T

A

GFP-T

92
Q

_______ has variable sized frames
1) GFP-F
2) GFP-T

A

GFP-F