Scrotum

Question 1

infection may extend into testicle causing orchitis

sono findings:

Answer 1

enlarged hypoechoic testicle

increased blood flow

decreased arterial resistence

Question 2

varicocele

Answer 2

dilatation of pampiniform venous plexus of the testicular veins which drain the testicle

90% on left

distend with valsalva

most common correctable cause of male infertility

Question 3

two types of benign testicular cysts

Answer 3

cysts of tunica albuginea

intratesticular cysts (normally near mediastinum)

Question 4

epidermoid cysts

Answer 4

benign germ tumor origin

well-circumscribed, solid

hypoechoic, echogenic ring

lay beneath tunica albuginea

Question 5

small ovoid structure located beneath the head of the epididymis, remnant of the Mullerian duct

Answer 5

appendix testis

Question 6

carry seminal fluid from the rete testis to the epididymis

Answer 6

efferent ductules

Question 7

hydroceles in men over 40 may be idiopathic or a result of:

Answer 7

trauma, torsion, neoplasms, epididymitis, or orchitis

Question 8

nonseminomas associated with what lab value

Answer 8

alpha fetoprotein

Question 9

testicular abscess

Answer 9

usually a complication of epididymo-orchitis

enlarged testicle, hypoechoic or mixed echoes

Question 10

spermatic cord consists of

Answer 10

vas deferens

cremasteric, deferential, testicular arteries

pampiniform plexus of veins

lymphatics

nerves

Question 11

multiple septations arise from the tunica albuginea to form:

Answer 11

mediastinum testis

Question 12

testicular microlithiasis

Answer 12

risk of testicular germ cell tumor

Question 13

most common testicular tumor in infants and young childern

Answer 13

yolk sac tumor

Question 14

testicular infarct

Answer 14

uncommon

triangular-shaped avascular intratesticular lesion

appearence depends on age of infarct

Question 15

risk factors of seminoma

Answer 15

cryptorchidism

family history

infertility

klinefelter syndrome

down syndrome

smoking

white race

Question 16

scrotal calcifications

Answer 16

scrotal pearl

within testicle or between layer of tunica vaginalis

Question 17

leydig cell tumors

Answer 17

always benign in children, malignant variants have been reported in adults

produces testosterone resulting in precocious puberty

may secrete estrogen

normal lab values

Question 18

types of testicular torsion

Answer 18

partial testicular torsion

torsion-detorsion syndrome

intermittent testicular torsion

extravaginal testicular torsion: outside tunica vaginalis, exclusively in newborns

Question 19

layer of muscle fibers lying beneath the scrotal skin and the scrotum into two chambers

Answer 19

dartos

the division is called scrotal raphe

Question 20

a detached efferent duct, small stalk projecting off the epididymis

Answer 20

appendix epididymis

Question 21

without attachment to tunica vaginalis, testicle can rotate freely on spermatic cord

Answer 21

bell clapper deformity

intravagninal testicular torsion

Question 22

ductal anatomy of scrotum

Answer 22

seminiferous tubules, tubuli recti, rete testis, efferent ductules, ductus epididymis, vas deferens

Question 23

anorchia

Answer 23

congenital absence of testicle

Question 24

tubules that carry sperm to the epididymis

Answer 24

rete testis

Question 25

nonseminomas

Answer 25

consists of other cell types such as embryonal carcinomas, teratomas, yolk sac tumors, choriocarcinomas

Question 26

what lesions result from prior episodes of epididymitis

Answer 26

epidiymal cysts spermatoceles

Question 27

cryptochidism complications

Answer 27

infertility and cancer cancer risk in undescended and contralateral testis

Question 28

sono appearence of malignant testicular neoplasms

Answer 28

hypoechoic major of intratesticular masses are malignant

Question 29

acute epididymitis

Answer 29

most common cause of acute scrotal pain usually caused by sexually transmitted diseases or UTI fever, pyuria

Question 30

saccular extension of peritoneum into the scrotal chambers, inner layer is visceral and outer layer is parietal

Answer 30

tunica vaginalis

Question 31

most common germ cell type found in both pure seminoma and mixed germ cell testicular masses

Answer 31

seminoma favorable prognosis

Question 32

most common extratesticular tumor

Answer 32

adenomatoid tumor appear in epididymis

Question 33

testicular blood flow

Answer 33

deferential artery cremasteric (external spermatic) testicular

Question 34

evaluation of what lab values

Answer 34

beta-hCG, AFP, LDH

Question 35

cystic masses of the epididymis that result from dilatation of the epididymal tubules, filled with thick milky fluid

Answer 35

spermatoceles

Question 36

sono findings of epididymitis

Answer 36

enlarged hypoechoic epididymis increased blood flow reactive hydrocele scrotal wall thickening

Question 37

testicular artery divides into what branches

Answer 37

capsular and centripetal (intratesticular)