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GEO > SCREW DWORKIN FOR THIS > Flashcards

SCREW DWORKIN FOR THIS Flashcards

1
Q

Bing Bang Theory

A

13.75 billion years - origin of the universe

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2
Q

Why do scientists think the world is expanding?

A

Red shift - Doppler effect. Everything in the universe is moving away from everything else.

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3
Q

First material to form

A

Hydrogen and helium

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4
Q

Where did other elements come from?

A

Heavier element are formed in stars, process of fusion

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5
Q

Origin of our solar system

A

Rotating nebula

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6
Q

Energy Sources

A

Impact energy (meterorite), Gravitational energy, Radioactive decay, Sun

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7
Q

Radioactive Emmissions

A

Alpha particles, Beta particles, Gamma rays

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8
Q

Internal Sources

A

Earthquakes and volcanoes - radioactive materials

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9
Q

External Sources

A

Weather - Sun

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10
Q

Mineral

A

Naturally occuring inorganic solid, can be expressed by chemical formula

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11
Q

Chrystelline

A

Orderly and repetitive atomic arrangement

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12
Q

Diamond

A

South Africa is the largest producer, they form at high pressures and temperatures deep within the earth, hardness of 10

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13
Q

Kimberlite Pipes

A

Deep explosive volcano

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14
Q

Corundum

A

Ruby - red, Sapphire - blue, hardness of 9

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15
Q

Turquoise

A

Found in volcanic rocks, softer, hardness of 6

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16
Q

Quartz

A

Amethyst, many different varieties - usually in color

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17
Q

Basaltic

A

50% SiO2, flows easily

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18
Q

Granitic

A

60-70% SiO2. Viscous - does not flow easily.

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19
Q

The Great Molasses Flood of 1919

A

Boston - 21 people died and 150 injured. Rescue workers got stuck in the viscous mess

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20
Q

Texture

A

Size of the crystals, Igenous rock textures

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21
Q

Glassy

A

No distinct grains, rapid cooling

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22
Q

Aphantic

A

Fine grained, extrusive, quick cooling

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23
Q

Phaneritic

A

Course grained, intrusive, magma cooled slowy, igneous rock composition - need to know

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24
Q

Coarse

A

Granite, felsic (light color), diorite, intermediate

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25
Q

Gabbro

A

Mafic (dark color), Fine

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26
Q

Rhyolite

A

Felsic (light color)

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27
Q

Andesite

A

Intermediate

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28
Q

mafic

A

(dark color), the origin of magma, originates 30 to 120 miles bewlo the earth;s surface, geometry of intrusive igneous rock bodies

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29
Q

Batholith

A

Huge mass of coarsely crystalline igneous rocks

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30
Q

Stock

A

Small Batholith

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31
Q

MSH Aftermath

A

57 people died, only 3 of the 57 were in restricted zones

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32
Q

Lahar

A

Volcanic mud flow

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33
Q

Lava dome

A

lava which is forced from the vent much like toothpaste from a tube, forming a half-ball shape over the vent.

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34
Q

Harry Truman

A

Mt. St. Helens Lodge owner on spirit lake, didn’t leave the mountain

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35
Q

Sediment

A

Material that has been transported by a current, 75% of continents are covered by sedimentary rocks

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36
Q

Detridal

A

Made up of broken particles of pre-existing rocks and minerals. Megascopic pieces.

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37
Q

Chemical

A

Precipitated from solution. Dissolved elements form together to make a sedimentary rock. Atoms bond and travel.

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38
Q

Sediment Sizes

A

Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay

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39
Q

Conglomerate

A

Composed of gravel. Rounded clasts. Very high energy environment.

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40
Q

Sandstone

A

Composed of sand sized sediment (2mm to 0.62) Beaches.

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41
Q

Siltstone

A

Composed of silt sized (0.062 to 0.0004 mm) sediment. Low energy.

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42
Q

Shale

A

Composed of clay sized sediment. Very low energy environment. Has organic matter and oil in shales.

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43
Q

Limestone

A

505 calcites. Formed in marine environments. Composed of dead marine organisms. Aquatic animals and plants precipitate calcite.

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44
Q

Halite

A

Salt

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45
Q

Rock Beds

A

Layers of sedimentary rock, stratified. Most common feature.

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46
Q

Ripple Marks

A

Small linear ridges of sediment. Forms when a current moves over sediment.

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47
Q

Cross Beds

A

Inclined layers within beds. (Zion) Cross beds form as ripples or dunes migrate.

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48
Q

Sedimentary rocks have porosity

A

Empty space that can be occupied by a fluid. Fluids that make money are water and oil.

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49
Q

Metamorphic Rocks

A

Rocks that have formed in the solid state in response to changes in temperature and pressure. Parent rock recrystallizes (changes the shape and orientation of crystals), classification of rocks are based on presence or absence of foliation.

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50
Q

Foliation

A

Planar feature, caused by parallel alignment of platy minerals or banding.

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51
Q

Slate

A

Fine grained, excellent foliation, slaty cleavage. Breaks along parallel lines. Low grade metamorphism. PARENT ROCK IS SHALE.

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52
Q

Schist

A

Coarse grained foliated metaphoric rock. Higher temp and pressure. PARENT ROCK IS SLATE.

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53
Q

Gneiss

A

Course grained banded metamorphic rock. High grade metaphorphism. PARENT ROCK IS A SCHIST.

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54
Q

Non-foliated

A

Quartzite, Marble

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55
Q

Quartzile

A

Metamorphosed sandstone

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56
Q

Marble

A

Metamorphosed limestone

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57
Q

Rock Cycle

A

All rocks can change into other types. One rock type has never been the same type.

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58
Q

Relative Age Principles:

A
  1. Uniformitarianism: The present is the key to the past
  2. Principle of original horizontality
  3. Stratigraphic superposition: Younger rocks overlap older rock layers.
  4. Cross-cutting relationships. Anything that cuts something is younger.
  5. Faunal Succession: The observed changes in life forms occur in a definite and recognizable order through time. Species change through time and only exist for a short time.
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59
Q

The Great Unconformity

A

The gap in the rock record between cambrian times

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60
Q

Relative Time Scale

A

The process of correlation has allowed us to place all of the world’s rocks into a relative time scale.

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61
Q

Cenozoic

A

Age of mammals

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62
Q

Mesozoic

A

Age of giant reptiles. And birds.

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63
Q

Paleozoic

A

Explosion of life. Huge amounts of diversity. Intvertebrates, fish, reptiles, insects, vascular plants

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64
Q

Precambrian

A

Low diversity of life. First single celled organisms. Simple plants, worms, jellyfish.

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65
Q

How was the relative time scale developed?

A

Fossils, faunal succession

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66
Q

Kaibab

A

Sandy limestone - permian age - bathtub ring

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67
Q

Coconino

A

White sandstone cliffs - old sand dunes. Seperated by a layer of trees.

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68
Q

Red Wall

A

Mississippian Age - Abundant marine fossils

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69
Q

Absolute Time

A

Putting numbers on rocks, estimates of the earth’s age

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70
Q

Ideas of earth’s age

A

salinity of oceans, heat loss, thickness of sedimentary rocks, radioactive decay

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71
Q

Geologic Time Scale

A

Orginally based on fossils - now based on radioactive decay

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72
Q

Precambrian (time)

A

4.6 billion years to 570 million years. Comprises of 80% of earth’s time.

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73
Q

Paleozoic (Time)

A

540 million years to 250 million years. (explosion of life)

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74
Q

Sill

A

Tabular intrusive body of igneous rock that is parallel to surrounding layers

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75
Q

Declination

A

the angle bewteen magnetic north and true north

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76
Q

Cornices

A

Overhanging snow on the crater rim

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77
Q

Mesozoic (time)

A

250 million years to 65 million years. (dinosaurs)

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78
Q

Tree casts

A

empty space that used to have a tree

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79
Q

Lava tube

A

Conduits through which lava travels beneath the surface of a lava flow

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80
Q

Unconformity

A
  1. Deposition
  2. Uplift and erosion
  3. Deposition
  4. Uplift
  5. Unconformity
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81
Q

Tephra

A

Bombs and ash, anything that is thrown into the air during an eruption

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82
Q

Composite volcano

A

Alternating layers of lava flows and ash. Tend to erupt explosively.

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83
Q

Mount St Helens is:

A

Most active volcano in cascade range

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84
Q

MSH progression

A

March 20th - earthquake recorded, three days another occurred, March 25th, fractures developed on the glacier surfaces and a number of avalanches and rockfacks occurred. North flank bulge. Largest landslide in history.

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85
Q

MSH Eruptive History

A

formed about 40,000 years ago, nine main pulses of pre-1980

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86
Q

MSH Ash flow

A

Ash and steam begin to rise vertically. The ash column reached an altitude of more than 12 miles.

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87
Q

Features of sea floor

A

Long continuous mountain chains, trenches (deep valleys), continental shelves, abyssal plains.

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88
Q

Age of sea floor

A

200 million years

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89
Q

Sea Floor Spreading theory

A
  1. The sea floor moves laterally away from the ocean ridges (spreading centers)
  2. Magma rises up to the sea floor ridges
  3. The magma hardens to form a new seafloor
  4. The ridges crack in half and move away from each other
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90
Q

Evidence that supports seafloor spreading

A
  1. The age of the seafloor
  2. Seafloor sediment thickens away from the ridge
  3. Valleys run down the center of the ridges
  4. Paleomagnetism
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91
Q

Paleomagnetism

A

magnetic polarity stripes on the seafloor

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92
Q

How do polarity stripes form?

A

as basalt cools at the ridges, it preserves the polarity of earth’s magnetic field.

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93
Q

Three compositional layers

A

crust, mantle, core

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94
Q

Crust features

A
  1. Made up of oceanic and continental crust
  2. 6 to 25 miles thick
  3. covered by sediment and sedimentary rock
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95
Q

Mantle features

A
  1. makes up about 80% of the earth
  2. made mostly of olivine
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96
Q

Lithosphere features

A

100 km thick, rigid, strong, cold, brittle, less dense

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97
Q

Lithosphere

A

Contains the crust and a small amount of the upper mantle

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98
Q

Asthenosphere features

A

100 to 300km, plastic, pliable, weak, hot, flows, more dense

99
Q

Theory of plate tectonics

A
  1. The surface of the earth is covered by 7 large lithospheric plates
  2. These lithospheric plates travel in directions that differ from different adjacent plates
100
Q

How are lithosphere plates created?

A

at ocean ridges and slide over the asthenosphere

101
Q

elastic rebound theory features

A
  1. If a rock is stressed it can store up its energy elastically
  2. When the strength of the rock is exceeded the rock breaks (brittle)
  3. The rocks on either side of the fault snap back to their orginial shape and release the stored energy
102
Q

What do seismographs rely on?

A

Inertia

103
Q

geophone

A

a device that converts ground movement into voltage which can be recorded

104
Q

properities of waves

A
  1. wavelength
  2. amplitude
  3. period
  4. frequency
105
Q

classification of seismic waves

A

body waves and surface waves

106
Q

body waves

A

pass through the earth and travel outward in all directions from the focus

107
Q

surface waves

A
  • travel along the surface of the earth
  • travel more slowly than P and S waves
  • last wave to be detected
108
Q

types of body waves

A

p wave (primary, compression) and s wave (secondary, shear)

109
Q

P-wave

A
  • consist of alternating pulses of compression and expansion
  • produce changes in volume and density
  • travel through solids, liquids, and gases
  • motion of the wave is parallel to its direction
110
Q

s-wave

A
  • shear waves
  • motion is perpendicular to direction
111
Q

determining the location of the epicenter

A
  • measuring the time interval between P and S wave arrival
  • three seismic stations are needed
112
Q

How is magnitude calculated?

A

measuring the height of the largest S wave

113
Q

effects of an earthquake

A

1) ground motion (destroys buildings)
2) faults (breaks the ground surface)
3) fire - gas lines break
4) landslides, avalanches
5) liquefaction
6) tsunami
7) flooding
8) differential ground settlement

114
Q

seismic gap

A
  • location where a earthquake hasn’t occured in a long time
  • areas where built up stress has not been released
115
Q

stress

A

push or pull on a rock

116
Q

strain

A

deformation - the measure of change in shape to a stressed material

117
Q

types of deformation

A
  1. elastic (reversible)
  2. ductile (flow)
  3. brittle (breaking)
118
Q

Continental drift theory

A

Alfred Wegener’s theory stating the world used to all be connected but drifted

119
Q

Evidence for continental drift

A

Identical: continents, fossils, mountains, age of rocks, glaciated areas, ice flow

120
Q

divergent margins

A

places where new oceanic lithosphere is created

121
Q

origin and evolution of divergent boundaries

A

1) begin as rift zones on the continents - pulling apart of continental crust
2) as the continent is pulled apart, basaltic magma is extruded into the rift valley (oceanic crust is being formed)
3) the valley floor sinks and is filled with sea water
4) divergence continues and results in a large ocean basin

122
Q

examples of divergent margins

A
  1. mid-atlantic ridge
  2. iceland
123
Q

physical aspects of divergent margins

A
  • state of stress (tensional or pulling)
  • earthquake activity ( abundant, low magnitude, shallow depth)
  • volcanism (intense volcanism, basaltic)
124
Q

oceanic - oceanic crustal convergence

A

one lithospheric plate turns down into the earth and is recycled

125
Q

physical aspect of oceanic-oceanic crust convergence zones

A
  • state of stress (compression)
    -earthquake activity (abundant, follows the down going slab - shallow and deep, high magnitude earthquakes)
    -volcanism (abundant)
126
Q

examples of oceanic-oceanic crust convergence

A
  1. Japan
  2. aleutian islands
127
Q

oceanic - continental crust convergence

A

oceanic crust dives beneath the continental crust

128
Q

features of oceanic - continental

A
  1. trench - location of a subduction zone
  2. continental volcanic chains
129
Q

physical aspects of oceanic-continental crustal convergence

A

1) stress (compression)
2) earthquakes (shallow to deep, lots of them, high magnitude)
3) volcanic activity (abundant)

130
Q

examples of oceanic to continental

A
  1. West coast of south america - andes
  2. Cascades
131
Q

continental - continetal

A

continents are buoyant and don’t subduct ( continental collisions)

132
Q

features of continental-continental crustal convergence

A
  1. double thickness of continental crust
  2. huge mountain chains
133
Q

physical aspects on continental-continental crustal convergence

A

compression, earthquakes (high magnitude, shallow), mountains

134
Q

examples of continetal crust collisions

A
  1. himalyas
  2. alps
  3. appalachians
135
Q

hot spots

A
  • heat anonomly in the asthenosphere
  • magma makes its way to the surface from deep depths
136
Q

Examples of hot spots

A

yellowstone, hawaiian islands

137
Q

mechanisms of plate tectonics

A
  • convection of the mantle
  • slab pull
138
Q

shear

A

a stress which is applied horizontal or tangential to the face of a material

139
Q

remanant magnetism

A

rocks can preserve a “fossil” record of the earth’s magnetic field

140
Q

earth’s magnetic field

A

the earth behaves as if there is a giant magnetic bar inside

141
Q

Types of magnetic information

A

polarity, declination

142
Q

normal polarity

A

todays magnetic field

143
Q

paths of apparent polar wandering

A

ancient rocks, layered rocks and diff continent rocks

144
Q

does the earth’s magnetic pole wander?

A

NO, the continents wander, not the magnetic poles

145
Q

dipping bed

A

a layer of rock that is not horizontal

146
Q

strike

A

is a line representing the intersection of that feature with a horizontal plane

147
Q

dip

A

The dip gives the steepest angle of descent of a tilted bed or feature relative to a horizontal plane

148
Q

anticline

A

a type of fold that is an arch like shape and has its oldest beds at its core. Older towards center of the fold.

149
Q

syncline

A

a type of fold that has its younger layers closer to the center, lower than a anticline

150
Q

how to read a seismogram

A

first p waves, then s waves, then surface waves

151
Q

distance between p and s waves

A

can be used to determine the distance between the station and the earthquake

152
Q

passive margin

A

transition between oceanic and continential lithosphere that is not an active plate margin.

153
Q

mechanism for plate tectonics

A

convection currents beneath the plates move the crustal plates in different directions. - thermal convection

154
Q

transform features

A

shallow earthquakes, shear stress, no volcanism

155
Q

1989 Loma Prieta

A

6.9 magnitude, 63 deaths, 3757 injured

156
Q

2011 Sendai Earthquake

A

9 magnitude, around 20k deaths

157
Q

Seismograph

A

Instrument that detects vibrations and shaking of earth

158
Q

Where do Texas earthquakes occur?

A

El Paso, Panhandle

159
Q

Flow failure occurs at:

A

A slope > 3º

160
Q

The west coast of North America is comprised of what 2 plate boundaries? (Alaska & California)

A

Convergent boundary of Alaska, Transform boundary in California (strike-slip)

161
Q

A portion of the East Pacific Rise was

A

Subducted under California

162
Q

As the Atlantic basin opened, North America…

A

Moved westward into pacific basin

163
Q

When and how did The Great Alaskan Earthquake occur

A

1964, pacific plate moved northwestward and subducted under the North American plate

164
Q

The Great Alaskan Earthquake magnitude:

A

9.2

165
Q

Characterize of the San Andres Fault

A

Some parts locked (>7) , some parts creeping (weak, 5-6), Earthquakes occur in clusters, separated by long periods of quiescence

166
Q

Epicenter of Alaskan Earthquake

A

Prince William Sound, 75 miles east of Anchorage Alaska

167
Q

Intensity of Alaskan Earthquake

A

3-10, felt over 700,000ft of Alaska and Canada

168
Q

Aftershocks of Alaskan Earthquake

A

In the first day, there were 11 smaller earthquakes > M 6!

169
Q

Cause of the Alaskan Earthquake

A

NW motion of the Pacific plate of about 5 to 7 cm/yr, compression relieved by sudden SE motion of the portions of the Alaskan coast back over the subducting slab, pacific plate moved under the north american plate

170
Q

Effects of Alaskan Earthquake

A

Montague Island was raised by 25 feet, quarter mile of the seafloor lifted above sea level, Portage was dropped by 9 feet

171
Q

Damage of Alaskan Earthquake

A

Landslides, avalanches, liquefaction, tsunamis, and extreme ground shaking, 122/131 were killed by the tsunami (16 in oregon/cali), Low population density, holiday, wooden buildings survived shaking

172
Q

Tsunami of AE height

A

12 ft

173
Q

Liquefaction of AE

A

Flow failure occurred in Seward

174
Q

Seismic waves of AE

A

Texas and Louisiana felt it with 4in of vertical motion and sunk boats

175
Q

The Great 1906 San Fransisco Earthquake

A

265 miles of fault ruptured, locked segment, depth of 12.5 miles

176
Q

Magnitude of SFE 06

A

8

177
Q

Intensity of SFE 06

A

7-9, shaking was more intense in areas of weak consolidated materials around the bay

178
Q

Duration of shaking for SFE 06

A

60s for 10-25ft to slide past eachother

179
Q

Foreshock of SFE 06

A

Small earthquake felt 30s before

180
Q

Ground Movement of SFE 06

A

horizontal offset on the surface was about 20 feet

181
Q

Damage of SFE 06

A

> 3K deaths, 225K homeless, 28K buildings destroyed, FIRE WAS MOST OF DAMAGE

182
Q

The World Series Earthquake 1989

A

Loma Prieta, just before Game 3

183
Q

Location of WSE

A

60 mi from San Fran, 25 miles ruptured

184
Q

Magnitude of WSE

A

7.1

185
Q

Intensity of WSE

A

6-9

186
Q

Aftershocks of WSE

A

M 5.2 aftershock occurred 2.5 min after the main shock, thousands of smaller quakes occurred in the next two weeks

187
Q

Duration of shaking for WSE

A

11s

188
Q

Damage of WSE

A

67 deaths, 4K injured, 12K homeless, most people killed on a section of highway I-880 that collapsed

189
Q

Tectonic setting of California

A

North American plate is sliding SE of the Pacific plate

190
Q

Three types of porosity

A

Solution cavities, intergranular porosity, fracture porosity

191
Q

Solution Cavities

A

Large pores formed by the dissolution of rock - usually forms in limestones

192
Q

Sinkholes

A

Solution cavity that opens to the surface

193
Q

Karst Topography

A

Solution cavities create caves, landscape dominated by sinkholes

194
Q

Groundwater flow

A

Moves with pressure to where water table is low, FLOWS DOWN POTENTIAL, originates from precipitation

195
Q

Potential Surface

A

Differences in the elevation of the water table creates a pressure surface (in unconfined aquifers the potential surface is the water table)

196
Q

Cone of Depression

A

a conical depression in the potential surface

197
Q

The shape of the water table

A

Mimics the grounds surface and moves with rain

198
Q

What is the direction of groundwater flow for FL?

A

All directions

199
Q

Stream

A

the part of the hydrologic cycle that returns water to the oceans on the lands surface

200
Q

Two components of streams

A

Water and sediment

201
Q

Drainage Basin

A

an area from which all precipitation flows to a single stream

202
Q

Parts of a river system

A

Tributaries, Main Trunk, Deltas

203
Q

Tributaries

A

collection, a dendritic pattern of smaller streams that feed water into the main trunk

204
Q

Main Trunk

A

Transports water

205
Q

Spring

A

A place where groundwater discharges at the Earth’s surface

206
Q

Deltas

A

Disperse, river water flows into a standing body of water

207
Q

The number of tributaries decrease:

A

Downstream

208
Q

Tributaries V:

A

Downstream

209
Q

Longest rivers in the world:

A

Nile (4132), Amazon (4000), Yangtze (3915)

210
Q

Longest rivers in US:

A

Missouri (2540), Mississippi (2340), Yukon (1980)

211
Q

The stream gradient decreases:

A

Downstream (relief of land)

212
Q

Stream competence decreases:

A

Downstream (grain size)

213
Q

Discharge INCREASES:

A

Downstream

214
Q

Discharge

A

V/t that passes through a stream

215
Q

Stream discharge=

A

Velocity x Cross Sectional Area

216
Q

Hydrograph

A

a graph that shows discharge over time

217
Q

Build house on

A

TERRACE

218
Q

Origins of topographic depressions

A

Glaciers (kettle), Volcanoes, Faults

219
Q

Two types of lakes

A

Oligotrophic and Eutrophic

220
Q

Oligotrophic

A

Poorly-nourished, few plants and a lot of O

221
Q

Eutrophic

A

Well-nourished, high Nitrogen and Phosphorus output (unhealthy)

222
Q

July 2021 European Floods killed:

A

242

223
Q

Base flow

A

A portion of the stream flow that is not runoff; it is
water from the ground, flowing into the channel

224
Q

Lateral spread occurs at

A

0.3 to 3º

225
Q

Ground Oscillation

A

Slope is too gentle to permit lateral movement
Blocks of soil may decouple and begin to shake
Fissures open and close
Sand boils up out of the ground

226
Q

Tsunami

A

A series of sea-waves generated by an undersea disturbance

227
Q

Causes of Tsunamis

A

Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, explosions, and meteorite impacts MOST COMMON IS VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT OF SEAFLOOR

228
Q

When a tsunami approaches land it:

A

slows down, amplitude increases

229
Q

Tsunami Warning System

A

UNESCO 2006, consists of 25 seismographic stations and tidal gauges (DART)

230
Q

The Indian Ocean Tsunami

A

Deadliest tsunami ever, 230,000 killed across 14 countries, earthquake was 9.1 (3rd largest) and shook ground for 10 min

231
Q

East Japan Earthquake (2011)

A

9.03 (5th largest), Earthquake moved Honshu 8ft to the east, 15,882 dead and 6,142 injured, Sendai got 6mi inland

232
Q

Outwash

A

sand and gravel deposited in front of a glacier

233
Q

Till

A

unsorted, unstratified sediment deposited in contact with a glacier

234
Q

drifts

A

`glacial deposits are all called ___________ because of the misconception that they were deposited by icebergs; material associated with glaciers

235
Q

erratics

A

boulders unlike the bedrock on which they lie

236
Q

glacial theory

A

ice once covered large parts of the continents that are now ice free

237
Q

fjord

A

glaciated valley inundated by seawater

238
Q

Horn

A

pyramidal peak where three or more cirques intersect

239
Q

Bergschrund

A

a split or crevasse in the ice of a glacier, where the glacier detaches itself from the mountain’s rock; forms at the back of a cirque

240
Q

cirque

A

bowl-shaped depression with a steep headwall

241
Q

glacial valley

A

U-shaped landform created by alpine glaciers

242
Q

outwash plain

A

vast flat areas underlain by sand and gravel

243
Q

esker

A

sinuous ridge of sand and gravel deposited by rivers under, on or within the ice

244
Q

moraine

A

a ridge of till that forms at the snout of a continental glacier

GEO (8 decks)

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