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GEO > GEO EXAM 3 > Flashcards

GEO EXAM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Flow failure occurs at:

A

A slope > 3º

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2
Q

The west coast of North America is comprised of what 2 plate boundaries? (Alaska & California)

A

Convergent boundary of Alaska, Transform boundary in California (strike-slip)

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3
Q

A portion of the East Pacific Rise was

A

Subducted under California

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4
Q

As the Atlantic basin opened, North America…

A

Moved westward into pacific basin

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5
Q

When and how did The Great Alaskan Earthquake occur

A

1964, pacific plate moved northwestward and subducted under the North American plate

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6
Q

The Great Alaskan Earthquake magnitude:

A

9.2

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7
Q

Characterize of the San Andres Fault

A

Some parts locked (>7) , some parts creeping (weak, 5-6), Earthquakes occur in clusters, separated by long periods of quiescence

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8
Q

Epicenter of Alaskan Earthquake

A

Prince William Sound, 75 miles east of Anchorage Alaska

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9
Q

Intensity of Alaskan Earthquake

A

3-10, felt over 700,000ft of Alaska and Canada

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10
Q

Duration of Alaskan Earthquake

A

4 Minutes

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11
Q

Aftershocks of Alaskan Earthquake

A

In the first day, there were 11 smaller earthquakes > M 6!

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12
Q

Cause of the Alaskan Earthquake

A

NW motion of the Pacific plate of about 5 to 7 cm/yr, compression relieved by sudden SE motion of the portions of the Alaskan coast back over the subducting slab, pacific plate moved under the north american plate by 30ft/4min

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13
Q

Effects of Alaskan Earthquake

A

Montague Island was raised by 25 feet, quarter mile of the seafloor lifted above sea level, Portage was dropped by 9 feet

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14
Q

Damage of Alaskan Earthquake

A

Landslides, avalanches, liquefaction, tsunamis, and extreme ground shaking, 122/131 were killed by the tsunami (16 in oregon/cali), Low population density, holiday, wooden buildings survived shaking

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15
Q

Tsunami of AE height

A

12 ft

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16
Q

Liquefaction of AE

A

Flow failure occurred in Seward

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17
Q

Seismic waves of AE

A

Texas and Louisiana felt it with 4in of vertical motion and sunk boats

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18
Q

The Great 1906 San Fransisco Earthquake

A

265 miles of fault ruptured, locked segment, depth of 12.5 miles

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19
Q

Magnitude of SFE 06

A

8

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20
Q

Intensity of SFE 06

A

7-9, shaking was more intense in areas of weak consolidated materials around the bay

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21
Q

Duration of shaking for SFE 06

A

60s for 10-25ft to slide past eachother

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22
Q

Foreshock of SFE 06

A

Small earthquake felt 30s before

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23
Q

Ground Movement of SFE 06

A

horizontal offset on the surface was about 20 feet

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24
Q

Damage of SFE 06

A

> 3K deaths, 225K homeless, 28K buildings destroyed, FIRE WAS MOST OF DAMAGE

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25
Q

The World Series Earthquake 1989

A

Loma Prieta, just before Game 3

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26
Q

Location of WSE

A

60 mi from San Fran, 25 miles ruptured

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27
Q

Magnitude of WSE

A

7.1

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28
Q

Intensity of WSE

A

6-9

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29
Q

Aftershocks of WSE

A

M 5.2 aftershock occurred 2.5 min after the main shock, thousands of smaller quakes occurred in the next two weeks

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30
Q

Duration of shaking for WSE

A

11s

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31
Q

Damage of WSE

A

67 deaths, 4K injured, 12K homeless, most people killed on a section of highway I-880 that collapsed

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32
Q

Tectonic setting of California

A

North American plate is sliding SE of the Pacific plate

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33
Q

The Hydrologic Cycle

A

Evaporation, Precipitation, Return

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34
Q

Three types of porosity

A

Solution cavities, intergranular porosity, fracture porosity

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35
Q

Solution Cavities

A

Large pores formed by the dissolution of rock - usually forms in limestones

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36
Q

Sinkholes

A

Solution cavity that opens to the surface

37
Q

Karst Topography

A

Solution cavities create caves, landscape dominated by sinkholes

38
Q

Permeability

A

ability of material to transmit water, highly permeable = transmit water quickly, Shale fracking increases permeability allowing the oil and gas to flow out of the rock

39
Q

Groundwater flow

A

Moves with pressure to where water table is low, FLOWS DOWN POTENTIAL, originates from precipitation

40
Q

Potential Surface

A

Differences in the elevation of the water table creates a pressure surface (in unconfined aquifers the potential surface is the water table)

41
Q

Cone of Depression

A

a conical depression in the potential surface

42
Q

The shape of the water table

A

Mimics the grounds surface and moves with rain

43
Q

What is the direction of groundwater flow for FL?

A

All directions from central FL

44
Q

Stream

A

the part of the hydrologic cycle that returns water to the oceans on the lands surface

45
Q

Two components of streams

A

Water and sediment

46
Q

Drainage Basin

A

an area from which all precipitation flows to a single stream

47
Q

Parts of a river system

A

Tributaries, Main Trunk, Deltas

48
Q

Tributaries

A

collection, a dendritic pattern of smaller streams that feed water into the main trunk

49
Q

Main Trunk

A

Transports water

50
Q

Spring

A

A place where groundwater discharges at the Earth’s surface

51
Q

Deltas

A

Disperse, river water flows into a standing body of water

52
Q

The number of tributaries decrease:

A

downstream

53
Q

Tributaries V:

A

downstream

54
Q

Longest rivers in the world:

A

Nile (4132), Amazon (4000), Yangtze (3915)

55
Q

Longest rivers in US:

A

Missouri (2540), Mississippi (2340), Yukon (1980)

56
Q

The stream gradient decreases:

A

Downstream (relief of land)

57
Q

Stream competence decreases:

A

Downstream (grain size)

58
Q

Discharge INCREASES:

A

Downstream

59
Q

Discharge

A

V/t that passes through a stream

60
Q

Stream discharge=

A

Velocity x Cross Sectional Area

61
Q

Hydrograph

A

a graph that shows discharge over time

62
Q

Floodplain

A

The portion of a river system that is covered by water during flood stage

63
Q

Build house on

A

TERRACE

64
Q

Meander

A

a twisting winding course of looping stream bends, erose outside, deposit inside

65
Q

Entrenched Meander

A

rapid uplift of the land causes rapid down cutting

66
Q

Point Bar

A

Sand or gravel deposited on the inside of a meander bend

67
Q

Cut bank

A

Steeped wall on the outside of the meander

68
Q

Oxbow Lakes

A

Isolated old meander bends

69
Q

Natural levee

A

a curvy-linear mound of sand and gravel that parallels the riverbank

70
Q

Alluvial fan

A

semicircular deposit of coarse
sediment formed where the stream gradient
suddenly changes

71
Q

Lakes occur in

A

Topographic depressions

72
Q

Origins of topographic depressions

A

Glaciers (kettle), Volcanoes, Faults

73
Q

Two types of lakes

A

Oligotrophic and Eutrophic

74
Q

Oligotrophic

A

Poorly-nourished, few plants and a lot of O

75
Q

Eutrophic

A

Well-nourished, high Nitrogen and Phosphorus output (unhealthy)

76
Q

When algae dies…

A

Oxygen depletes

77
Q

Floods

A

The inundation of normally dry land resulting
from the rising and overflowing of a body of
water

78
Q

July 2021 European Floods killed:

A

242

79
Q

Floods occur when

A

Stream channels cannot contain the discharge

80
Q

Base flow

A

A portion of the stream flow that is not runoff; it is
water from the ground, flowing into the channel

81
Q

Lateral spread occurs at

A

0.3 to 3º

82
Q

Ground Oscillation

A

Slope is too gentle to permit lateral movement
Blocks of soil may decouple and begin to shake
Fissures open and close
Sand boils up out of the ground

83
Q

Tsunami

A

A series of sea-waves generated by an undersea disturbance

84
Q

Causes of Tsunamis

A

Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, explosions, and meteorite impacts MOST COMMON IS VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT OF SEAFLOOR

85
Q

When a tsunami approaches land it:

A

slows down, amplitude increases

86
Q

Tsunami Warning System

A

UNESCO 2006, consists of 25 seismographic stations and tidal gauges (DART)

87
Q

The Indian Ocean Tsunami

A

Deadliest tsunami ever, 230,000 killed across 14 countries, earthquake was 9.1 (3rd largest) and shook ground for 10 min

88
Q

East Japan Earthquake (2011)

A

9.03 (5th largest), Earthquake moved Honshu 8ft to the east, 15,882 dead and 6,142 injured, Sendai got 6mi inland

GEO (8 decks)

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