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GEO > GEO EXAM 1 > Flashcards

GEO EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Big Bang Theory

A

13.75 billion years - origin of the universe

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2
Q

Why do scientists think the world is expanding?

A

Red shift - Doppler effect. Everything in the universe is moving away from everything else.

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3
Q

First material to form

A

Hydrogen and helium

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4
Q

Where did other elements come from?

A

Heavier element are formed in stars, process of fusion

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5
Q

Origin of our solar system

A

Rotating nebula

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6
Q

Energy Sources

A

Impact energy (meterorite), Gravitational energy, Radioactive decay, Sun

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7
Q

Radioactive Emmissions

A

Alpha particles, Beta particles, Gamma rays

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8
Q

Internal Sources

A

Earthquakes and volcanoes - radioactive materials

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9
Q

External Sources

A

Weather - Sun

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10
Q

Mineral

A

Naturally occuring inorganic solid, can be expressed by chemical formula

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11
Q

Chrystelline

A

Orderly and repetitive atomic arrangement

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12
Q

Diamond

A

South Africa is the largest producer, they form at high pressures and temperatures deep within the earth, hardness of 10

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13
Q

Kimberlite Pipes

A

Deep explosive volcano

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14
Q

Corundum

A

Ruby - red, Sapphire - blue, hardness of 9

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15
Q

Turquoise

A

Found in volcanic rocks, softer, hardness of 6

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16
Q

Quartz

A

Amethyst, many different varieties - usually in color

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17
Q

Basaltic

A

50% SiO2, flows easily

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18
Q

Granitic

A

60-70% SiO2. Viscous - does not flow easily.

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19
Q

The Great Molasses Flood of 1919

A

Boston - 21 people died and 150 injured. Rescue workers got stuck in the viscous mess

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20
Q

Texture

A

Size of the crystals, Igenous rock textures

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21
Q

Glassy

A

No distinct grains, rapid cooling

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22
Q

Aphantic

A

Fine grained, extrusive, quick cooling

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23
Q

Phaneritic

A

Course grained, intrusive, magma cooled slowy, igneous rock composition - need to know

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24
Q

Coarse

A

Granite, felsic (light color), diorite, intermediate

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25
Q

Gabbro

A

Mafic (dark color), Fine

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26
Q

Rhyolite

A

Felsic (light color)

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27
Q

Andesite

A

Intermediate

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28
Q

mafic

A

(dark color), the origin of magma, originates 30 to 120 miles bewlo the earth;s surface, geometry of intrusive igneous rock bodies

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29
Q

Batholith

A

Huge mass of coarsely crystalline igneous rocks

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30
Q

Stock

A

Small Batholith

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31
Q

Dike

A

Discordant (cuts across layers) igneous intrusion, narrow tubular body of igneous rock

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32
Q

Sill

A

Tabular intrusive body of igneous rock that is parallel to surrounding layers

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33
Q

Cornices

A

Overhanging snow on the crater rim

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34
Q

Tree casts

A

empty space that used to have a tree

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35
Q

Lava tube

A

Conduits through which lava travels beneath the surface of a lava flow

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36
Q

Columnar joining

A

Results when magma cools from the outside causing shrinkage, forming a hexagonal joint structure. (Devil’s Tower)

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37
Q

Tephra

A

Bombs and ash, anything that is thrown into the air during an eruption

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38
Q

Mount St Helens is:

A

Most active volcano in cascade range

39
Q

Composite volcano

A

Alternating layers of lava flows and ash. Tend to erupt explosively.

40
Q

MSH Eruptive History

A

formed about 40,000 years ago, nine main pulses of pre-1980

41
Q

MSH progression

A

March 20th - earthquake recorded, three days another occurred, March 25th, fractures developed on the glacier surfaces and a number of avalanches and rockfacks occurred. North flank bulge. Largest landslide in history.

42
Q

MSH Ash flow

A

Ash and steam begin to rise vertically. The ash column reached an altitude of more than 12 miles.

43
Q

Lahar

A

Volcanic mud flow

44
Q

MSH Aftermath

A

57 people died, only 3 of the 57 were in restricted zones

45
Q

Harry Truman

A

Mt. St. Helens Lodge owner on spirit lake, didn’t leave the mountain

46
Q

Lava dome

A

lava which is forced from the vent much like toothpaste from a tube, forming a half-ball shape over the vent.

47
Q

Sediment

A

Material that has been transported by a current, 75% of continents are covered by sedimentary rocks

48
Q

Sedimentary Process

A
  1. Weathering - break up of rocks
  2. Transportation by a current - water, wind, glaciers.
  3. Deposition
  4. Cementation
49
Q

Detridal

A

Made up of broken particles of pre-existing rocks and minerals. Megascopic pieces.

50
Q

Chemical

A

Precipitated from solution. Dissolved elements form together to make a sedimentary rock. Atoms bond and travel.

51
Q

Sediment Sizes

A

Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay

52
Q

Conglomerate

A

Composed of gravel. Rounded clasts. Very high energy environment.

53
Q

Sandstone

A

Composed of sand sized sediment (2mm to 0.62) Beaches.

54
Q

Siltstone

A

Composed of silt sized (0.062 to 0.0004 mm) sediment. Low energy.

55
Q

Shale

A

Composed of clay sized sediment. Very low energy environment. Has organic matter and oil in shales.

56
Q

Limestone

A

505 calcites. Formed in marine environments. Composed of dead marine organisms. Aquatic animals and plants precipitate calcite.

57
Q

Halite

A

Salt

58
Q

Rock Beds

A

Layers of sedimentary rock, stratified. Most common feature.

59
Q

Ripple Marks

A

Small linear ridges of sediment. Forms when a current moves over sediment.

60
Q

Cross Beds

A

Inclined layers within beds. (Zion) Cross beds form as ripples or dunes migrate.

61
Q

Sedimentary rocks have porosity

A

Empty space that can be occupied by a fluid. Fluids that make money are water and oil.

62
Q

Metamorphic Rocks

A

Rocks that have formed in the solid state in response to changes in temperature and pressure. Parent rock recrystallizes (changes the shape and orientation of crystals), classification of rocks are based on presence or absence of foliation.

63
Q

Foliation

A

Planar feature, caused by parallel alignment of platy minerals or banding.

64
Q

Slate

A

Fine grained, excellent foliation, slaty cleavage. Breaks along parallel lines. Low grade metamorphism. PARENT ROCK IS SHALE.

65
Q

Schist

A

Coarse grained foliated metaphoric rock. Higher temp and pressure. PARENT ROCK IS SLATE.

66
Q

Gneiss

A

Course grained banded metamorphic rock. High grade metaphorphism. PARENR ROCK IS A SCHIST.

67
Q

Non-foliated

A

Quartzite, Marble

68
Q

Quartzile

A

Metamorphosed sandstone

69
Q

Marble

A

Metamorphosed limestone

70
Q

Rock Cycle

A

All rocks can change into other types. One rock type has never been the same type.

71
Q

Relative Age Principles:

A
  1. Uniformitarianism: The present is the key to the past
  2. Principle of original horizontality
  3. Stratigraphic superposition: Younger rocks overlap older rock layers.
  4. Cross-cutting relationships. Anything that cuts something is younger.
  5. Faunal Succession: The observed changes in life forms occur in a definite and recognizable order through time. Species change through time and only exist for a short time.
72
Q

Stratigraphy

A

The study of stratified rocks. Relies on all of the principles stated. Put the worl’ds rocks in a relative time scale.

73
Q

Uncomformity

A

Gaps in rocks, the stratigraphic record are called unconformities.

74
Q

Goal of stratigrapher

A

CORRELATION

75
Q

Unconformity

A
  1. Deposition
  2. Uplift and erosion
  3. Deposition
  4. Uplift
  5. Unconformity
76
Q

The Great Unconformity

A

The gap in the rock record between cambrian times

77
Q

Relative Time Scale

A

The process of correlation has allowed us to place all of the world’s rocks into a relative time scale.

78
Q

Cenozoic

A

Age of mammals

79
Q

Mesozoic

A

Age of giant reptiles. And birds.

80
Q

Paleozoic

A

Explosion of life. Huge amounts of diversity. Intvertebrates, fish, reptiles, insects, vascular plants

81
Q

Precambrian

A

Low diversity of life. First single celled organisms. Simple plants, worms, jellyfish.

82
Q

How was the relative time scale developed?

A

Fossils, faunal succession

83
Q

Kaibab

A

Sandy limestone - permian age - bathtub ring

84
Q

Coconino

A

White sandstone cliffs - old sand dunes. Seperated by a layer of trees.

85
Q

Red Wall

A

Mississippian Age - Abundant marine fossils

86
Q

Absolute Time

A

Putting numbers on rocks, estimates of the earth’s age

87
Q

Ideas of earth’s age

A

salinity of oceans, heat loss, thickness of sedimentary rocks, radioactive decay

88
Q

Half-life

A

The amount it takes for 1/2 of the orginial parent atoms to decay to the daughter.

89
Q

Geologic Time Scale

A

Orginally based on fossils - now based on radioactive decay

90
Q

Precambrian (time)

A

4.6 billion years to 570 million years. Comprises of 80% of earth’s time.

91
Q

Paleozoic (Time)

A

540 million years to 250 million years. (explosion of life)

92
Q

Mesozoic (time)

A

250 million years to 65 million years. (dinosaurs)

93
Q

Cenozoic (time)

A

Age of mammals. 65 million years to the present.

94
Q

Declination

A

the angle bewteen magnetic north and true north

GEO (8 decks)

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