Screening for Pulmonary Disease Flashcards
What are the general signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease?
- cough,
- dyspnea,
- cyanosis,
- pleuritic chest pain,
- abnormal sputum,
- hemoptysis,
- digital clubbing
What are pulmonary pain patterns?
- Pain can be located in the chest, shoulder, or neck.
- It increases with laughing, coughing, sneezing, deep breathing, and recumbency.
What is tracheobronchial pain?
Pain in the neck or anterior chest, typically at the same level as irritation.
What are pleural pain characteristics?
Sharp, localized pain that increases with respiratory movements and is relieved by autosplinting.
What is autosplinting?
Lying on the affected side to relieve pleural pain.
What conditions fall under infectious or inflammatory pulmonary diseases?
- Pneumonia,
- tuberculosis,
- scleroderma,
- lung cancer
What are the causes of pneumonia?
- aspiration of food, fluids, or vomit
- inhalation of toxic chemicals
- bacterial, viral, or mycoplasmal infections
What are the physical exam red flags of pneumonia?
Fever, chills, productive cough with purulent sputum, pleuritic pain, and dyspnea.
What are the risk factors for tuberculosis (TB)?
- healthcare workers,
- overcrowded housing
- age extremes (< 5 or older adults)
- chemical dependency
- immunosuppression
What are the signs and symptoms of tuberculosis?
Fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, persistent productive cough, chest pain, and dyspnea.
What is scleroderma, and what are its pulmonary manifestations?
A connective tissue disorder that causes lung adhesions, leading to dyspnea, non-productive cough, and peripheral edema.
What are the risk factors for lung cancer?
- age >50 years
- smoking
- asbestos exposure
- second-hand smoke
- low fruit/vegetable consumption
- previous lung disease
What are the common signs and symptoms of lung cancer?
- change in respiratory patterns
- persistent cough
- hemoptysis
- recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis
- hoarseness
What is cystic fibrosis?
Cystic Fibrosis:
- A genetic disease affecting the exocrine glands, leading to thick and sticky mucus that obstructs airways and causes infections.
What are the signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis?
- salty skin
- persistent cough
- wheezing
- poor weight gain
- frequent lung infections
What are the occupational lung diseases?
- pneumoconioses (e.g., asbestosis, silicosis)
- hypersensitivity pneumonitis (‘farmer’s lung’, ‘bird-handler’s lung’).
What is asbestosis?
Lung scarring caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers, commonly seen in construction workers and miners.
What is pulmonary embolism (PE), and what are its risk factors?
PE: A dislodged blood clot migrating to the lungs
Risk Factors:
- immobilization
- endothelial injury
- hypercoagulability
What are the signs of pulmonary embolism?
Sudden onset of dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, chest pain, shoulder or upper abdominal pain.
What is cor pulmonale?
Cor Pulmonale: Failure of the right side of the heart due to increased pressure in the lungs, commonly caused by a massive pulmonary embolism.
What is pneumothorax?
Free air in the pleural cavity causing lung collapse, usually due to trauma, surgery, or pulmonary disease.
What are the signs of pneumothorax?
Decreased chest expansion on the affected side, increased neck vein distension, decreased breath sounds, weak rapid pulse.
What are the signs and symptoms of pleurisy?
Sharp, severe pain aggravated by respiratory movements, referred pain to the shoulder, fever, and chills.
What are the three ‘P’s’ for identifying pulmonary involvement?
- pain decreases with autosplinting
- pain changes with position
- pain is not reproduced with palpation
What are the common risk factors for pneumonia?
Severe cold, alcoholism, poor health, flu infection, aspiration.
What are patient interview red flags for pneumonia?
Pleuritic pain, recent UTI, confusion (especially in older adults), and productive cough with purulent sputum.
What are the transmission routes for tuberculosis?
Airborne droplets from coughing, sneezing, speaking, or singing.
What are the common clinical signs of asbestosis?
Scarring of lung tissue, dyspnea, dry cough, chest pain, and fatigue.
What is hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
An allergic reaction caused by inhaling organic antigens (e.g., bird droppings, mold), also known as ‘farmer’s lung’ or ‘bird-handler’s lung’.
What are the pulmonary signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis in adults?
Persistent cough, chest pain, dyspnea, wheezing, and frequent lung infections.
What are the common causes of pleurisy?
Infection, injury, tumor, pneumonia, tuberculosis, influenza.
What is the importance of recognizing pulmonary pain referral patterns?
Pulmonary pain may be referred to the shoulder or neck, mimicking musculoskeletal conditions.
What are red flags for pulmonary embolism?
Chest, shoulder, or upper abdominal pain, dyspnea, history of DVT, tachycardia.
What is the typical pain pattern in a patient with a pneumothorax?
Abrupt onset of dyspnea and chest pain that increases with inspiration and worsens with deep breathing or coughing.
What is the role of autosplinting in pulmonary pain relief?
Autosplinting helps relieve pleuritic pain by lying on the affected side.
What is cor pulmonale, and what are its causes?
Right-sided heart failure caused by increased lung pressure, often due to chronic pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary embolism.
What are the physical examination red flags for pneumothorax?
- decreased breath sounds
- hyperresonance upon percussion
- chest pain worsened with inspiration
What is the clinical significance of pleural pain?
Pleural pain is often sharp and localized, aggravated by respiratory movements, and relieved by autosplinting.
What are the patient interview red flags for pneumothorax?
Recent bout of coughing or strenuous exercise, chest pain intensified with inspiration.
What is the significance of the ‘Three P’s’ in pulmonary assessment?
The ‘Three P’s’ help differentiate pulmonary pain from musculoskeletal pain:
- autosplinting
- positional changes
- palpation
What are the pulmonary signs associated with lung cancer?
Persistent cough, hemoptysis, recurrent pneumonia, hoarseness, and changes in respiratory patterns.
What is the significance of shoulder pain in pulmonary conditions?
Shoulder pain may be referred from pulmonary conditions like pleurisy, pneumothorax, or lung cancer.
What is the typical age range for spontaneous pneumothorax?
Spontaneous pneumothorax commonly occurs between the ages of 20-40 years.
What are common clinical signs of cor pulmonale?
Dyspnea, peripheral edema, fatigue, and distended neck veins.
