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DPT 763 - Differential Diagnosis > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

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A

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2
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A

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3
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A

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4
Q

What is the single most important nonmodifiable risk factor for cancer?

A

Age over 50

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5
Q

What family history factors increase cancer risk?

A

Diagnosis of cancer in two or more family members, especially under age 50.

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6
Q

Which ethnicity has a higher incidence and mortality from cancer?

A

African Americans

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7
Q

What modifiable factors increase the risk of cancer?

A

Increased BMI, low vegetable diet, high animal fat, alcohol, tobacco, drug use, etc.

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8
Q

How does exposure to radiation and chemicals contribute to cancer risk?

A

Increased risk due to environmental and occupational factors.

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9
Q

What dietary behaviors are linked to cancer risk?

A

High intake of animal fats and low intake of vegetables.

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10
Q

What factors increase the risk of cancer recurrence?

A
  • age
  • positive lymph nodes
  • tumor size > 2 cm
  • high histopathologic grade
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11
Q

What is the most common types of cancer, and where do they originate?

A
  • (1) Carcinoma, originating in epithelial tissue
  • (2) Sarcoma, connective tissue
  • (3) Blood borne cancers
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12
Q

What is a sarcoma?

A

A tumor of connective tissue (bone, cartilage, muscle, etc.).

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13
Q

What are blood-borne cancers?

A

Myeloma, leukemia, and lymphoma (affecting blood cells and lymphatics).

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14
Q

What is the common method of metastasis for blood-borne cancers?

A

Via the blood and lymphatic system.

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15
Q

Which cancer types most commonly metastasize to bone, lungs, and liver?

A

Carcinoma and blood-borne cancers.

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16
Q

What are the most common clinical manifestations of cancer that a PT might see?

A
  • integumentary
  • pulmonary
  • neurologic
  • skeletal
  • hepatic manifestations
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17
Q

What is a key early sign of malignancy related to pain?

A

Night pain > 7/10

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18
Q

What is a red flag related to weight loss for malignancy?

A

Unintentional weight loss > 10% in two weeks.

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19
Q

What proximal muscle weakness signs could indicate malignancy?

A
  • difficulty with sit-to-stand or climbing stairs
  • (+) Trendelenberg sign
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20
Q

What integumentary symptoms should raise concern for cancer?

A

Lesions that have changed over six weeks, not examined by a physician.

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21
Q

What pulmonary symptoms might suggest cancer?

A
  • pleural pain
  • dyspnea
  • productive cough with abnormal sputum color
22
Q

What neurologic manifestations may indicate cancer?

A

CNS involvement like

- Spinal cord pain

  • sensory changes
  • weakness and fatigue
  • atrophy

- Brain

  • headaches
  • personality changes
  • nausea & vomiting

- Cauda equina syndrome

  • saddle anesthesia
  • bowel & bladder changes

- Paraneoplastic syndromes

23
Q

What is unique about the spine cord, back pain, and cancer involvement?

A
  • pain at the level of lesion
  • 70% of cases affect the thoracic spine
24
Q

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A

.

25
Q

What are common early warning signs of cancer metastasis?

A
  • night pain
  • unexplained weight loss
  • proximal muscle weakness
26
Q

What skeletal signs are associated with cancer metastasis?

A

Deep, intractable bone pain, worse with weight-bearing and at night.

27
Q

.

A

.

28
Q

What are common pulmonary signs of cancer?

A
  • new onset wheezing
  • dyspnea
  • pleural pain
29
Q

What age group is most commonly affected by testicular cancer?

A

Ages 20–40.

30
Q

At what age is breast cancer most common?

A

Age 45 and older.

31
Q

What is the common age range for ovarian cancer?

A

55 years and older.

32
Q

What cancers are more common in childhood?

A

Ewing sarcoma, acute leukemia, Wilm’s tumor, retinoblastoma.

33
Q

What age group has the highest incidence and mortality of cancer overall?

A

Age 65 and older.

34
Q

What are the five most common sites for cancer metastasis?

A
  • bone
  • lymph nodes
  • lung
  • liver
  • brain
35
Q

What symptom might suggest metastasis to the brain?

A

Headaches that worsen with straining or position changes, especially in the morning.

36
Q

What are the ABCDEs of melanoma?

A
  • Asymmetry = uneven edges, lopsided
  • Border = irregular edges
  • Color = back, brown, red
  • Diameter = larger than a pencil eraser
  • Evolving = one mole changes while others stay the same
37
Q

What is the “ugly duckling” sign for melanoma?

A

Moles that look different from others (size, color, shape).

38
Q

What are common risk factors for skin cancer?

A

Fair skin, history of blistering sunburns, tanning bed use.

39
Q

What is the survival rate for localized melanoma?

A

92% five-year survival rate if found early.

40
Q

What is the most common bone cancer?

A

Osteosarcoma

41
Q

What are risk factors for osteosarcoma?

A
  • age 10-30
  • males
  • rapid bone growth
42
Q

What age group is affected by Ewing sarcoma?

A

Ages 5-16, with boys more commonly affected

43
Q

What is a common malignant cartilage tumor?

A

Chondrosarcoma, affecting the pelvic or shoulder girdles.

44
Q

What are clinical signs of CNS tumors?

A

Headaches, vomiting, vision changes, gait disturbances, personality changes.

45
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of spinal cord tumors?

A
  • pain (thoracolumbar)
  • decreased sensation
  • muscle weakness
  • atrophy
46
Q

What symptom is common in osteoid osteoma?

A
  • night pain
  • pain decreases with aspirin
47
Q

What are risk factors for leukemia?

A
  • bimodal age distribution (2-4 years and 65+ years)
  • radiation
  • genetic syndromes
48
Q

What are key signs of leukemia?

A

Bone marrow failure, leading to low WBC, platelets, and RBC counts.

49
Q

What is the primary difference between Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Hodgkin’s presents with predictable progression, while non-Hodgkin’s is less predictable.

50
Q

What is a common sign of multiple myeloma?

A
  • bone pain with movement
  • radiculopathy
  • back pain

DPT 763 - Differential Diagnosis (15 decks)

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