Screening for Endocrine Flashcards
What is the endocrine system formed by?
Ductless glands that produce hormones
True/False
the endocrine system works in isolation
false
Works in tandem with the nervous system
What is the result of the endocrine system working together with the nervous system?
Endocrine works in tandem with the nervous system to regulate: Metabolism Water and salt balance BP Response to stress Sexual reproduction
Name the nine glands of the endocrine system + the one named in some sources only
Pineal Pituitary (hypophysis) Anterior and posterior lobes Parathyroids Thyroid Hypothalamus Adrenals Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) Ovaries Testes
+ Thymus
Name the 3 types of hormones in the endocrine system (based on their location and effect). Briefly explain how each works.
- autocrine hormones have effect on the releasing gland itself
- paracrine hormones function regionally
- endocrine hormones function at distance
True / False
The endocrine system works with the same speed as the nervous system.
Slower to respond, and takes longer to act, than the nervous system
Name the 5 glands that are solely endocrine
Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal
What’s the hormone produced by the pineal gland?
melatonin
Where is the control center of the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
Explain the controlling role of the Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus controls pituitary function, so has enormous indirect effect on others glands.
- Hypothalamus can synthesize and release hormones from axon terminals directly into bloodstream
- Neurons can also have a hormone-secreting function – example, Ach, which is classified as both neurohormone and neurotransmitter – facilitates release of both
Name the three glands that are not solely endocrine.
Pancreas, ovaries, and testes are not solely endocrine
What endocrine gland is involved in the immune system, as well?
Thymus– important in T-cell production
Explain the field of Psychoneuroimmunology
Multiple feedback systems in place to keep hormones at normal levels.
Interfaces between endocrine-nervous-immunologic systems has given rise to field of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) – interactive biologic signaling
Does age and sex have any effect over the endocrine glands?
Age-related changes in endocrine function are highly variable and sex-dependent (example: menopause)
Glands undergo tissue change with age, variable effect on function
When would you start thinking about endocrine screening in the context of PT (other than Init. Eval.)?
With patients/clients who do not respond predictably to treatment
What neuromusculoskeletal signs and symptoms may be associated with endocrine dysfunction?
- s/s associated with RA
- muscle weakness
- muscle atrophy
- myalgia
- fatigue
- CTS
- synovial fluid changes
- periartheritis
- adhesive capsulitis (diabetes)
- Chondrocalcinosis
- Spondyloarthropathy
- OA
- hand stiffness
- arthralgia
What systemic signs and symptoms may be associated with endocrine dysfunction?
- excessive or delayed growth
- polydipsia
- polyuria
- mental changes (nervousness, confusion, depression)
- changes in hair (quality and distribution)
- changes in skin pigmentation
- changes in vitals (elevated temp., HR, BP)
- heart palpitations
- increased perspiration
- Kussmaul’s respiration (deep, rapid breathing)
- dehydration or excessive retention of body water
Why does the endocrine system produce so many neuromuscular and systemic changes?
Because connective tissue growth and development are influenced/controlled by hormones and metabolic processes, alterations in those processes may produce neuromuscular or systemic changes
How does muscle weakness, myalgia, and fatigue relate with the endocrine system?
May signal thyroid or parathyroid disease
Acromegaly, diabetes, Cushing’s syndrome, osteomalacia
Painless proximal muscle weakness – may not be restored when underlying endocrine function is addressed
How does CTS relate with the endocrine system?
Soft tissue changes at wrist secondary to hormone changes, thickening of transverse carpal ligament, gout
CTS has multiple causes (Table 11-2, p. 412, G&S) – repetitive motion and occupational factors usually bring the problem to light
What are the neuromusculoskeletal causes of CTS?
- amyloydosis
- sequelae of medical or surgical procedures
- thumb arthritis
- cervical disc lesion
- cervical spondylosis
Spondyloarthropathy and osteoarthritis
Associated with excess iron deposition in tissues (bronze diabetes, iron storage disease), DM, acromegaly ochronosis (discolored body tissues) - congenital anatomic differences
- cumulative trauma disorder
- peripheral neuropathy
- poor posture (associated with TOS)
- repetitive strain injury
- tendenitis
(Periarthritis and Calcific Tendinitis, especially at the shoulder. If cause is an underlying endocrine dysfunction, PT will not be effective) - trigger points
- tenosynovitis
Hand stiffness and pain, often with CTS and flexor tenosynovitis - TOS
- wrist trauma (Colle’s fx)
What are the systemic causes of CTS?
- alcohol
- arthritis
- benign tumors
- leukemia
- liver disease
- medication
NSAIDs
oral contraceptives
statins
Alendronate - multiple myeloma
- obesity
- pregnancy
- scleroderma
- hemochromatosis
- vitamin deficiency (especially B6)
What are the endocrine causes of CTS?
- acromegaly
- diabetes mellitus
- hormonal imbalance
- hyperparathyroidism
- hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease)
- hypocalcemia
- hypothyroidism
- gout
Chondrocalcinosis (deposit of calcium salts)
Pseudogout – gout-like symptoms
5-10% of people with this disorder have underlying endocrine disease
What neuromuscular and musculoskeletal signs and symptoms may be associated with endocrine dysfunction?
Periarthritis and Calcific Tendinitis, especially at the shoulder
If cause is an underlying endocrine dysfunction, PT will not be effective
Chondrocalcinosis (deposit of calcium salts)
Pseudogout – gout-like symptoms
5-10% of people with this disorder have underlying endocrine disease
Spondyloarthropathy and osteoarthritis
Associated with excess iron deposition in tissues (bronze diabetes, iron storage disease), DM, acromegaly ochronosis (discolored body tissues)
Hand stiffness and pain, often with CTS and flexor tenosynovitis
