Diabetes Part 2. PP slides 44-74 Flashcards
3 Major metabolic problems in DM
- Decreased utilization of glucose (cellular uptake and storage)
- Increased fat metabolism and formation of ketone bodies
- Impaired protein utilization with increased amino acid metabolism and the formation of ketone bodies
Tissues affected to the greatest degree by DM (3)
skeletal and cardiac muscle and adipose tissue
Tissues affected by DM but to a lesser degrees than skeletal,cardica, and adipose
- nervous tissue (very sensitive to glucose changes b/c sensitive to osmotic changes- manifests as shakiness)
- erythrocytes
- cells of liver
- GI tract
- kidneys (end stage renal disease)
Clinical manifestation is only Type I (3)
- Polyphagia- Deprivation of satiety centers of glucose stimulates appetite
- Weight loss- Unavailability of glucose, fat and protein stores broken down for energy & dehydration
- Ketouria- Fatty acid and amino acid breakdown due to lack of glucose for metabolism producing ketone bodies
Clinical manifestations seen in Type I and II (4)
- Polyuria- H20 is not absorbed from renal tubules because of osmotic action of excess glucose in the tubular fluid
- Polydipsia- Polyuria causes dehydration with increased thirst
- Recurrent blurred vision- Chronic exposure of the lens and retina to hyperosmotic fluids causes distortion of lens or retinal surface
- Weakness, fatigue, dizziness- Dehydration producing weakness and postural hypotension; energy deficiency and protein catabolism leads to weakness and fatigue
Clinical Manifestations in only Type II (1)
Often asymptomatic- Adaptation to gradual changes in blood glucose levels
Progressive pathologies with diabetes
highlighted by Dr. T (7)
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Atherosclerosis
- Infection
- Retinopathy
- Nephropathy
- Musculoskeletal Problems
- Skin ulceration
Points about peripheral neuropathy and DM (4)
- Diffuse polyneuropathy progressing from distal to proximal (stocking-glove pattern)
- Accumulation of sorbitol in nerve cells as a result of improper glucose metabolism with osmotic shifts of fluid and electrolytes
- Diminished peripheral vascular perfusion
- Weakness, paresthesia, pain and numbness, balance and autonomic changes
Points about Atherosclerosis and DM (3)
- Increased fat metabolism
- Hypoglycemic damage to vessel walls
- Poor healing of damage along blood vessels
Points about Infection and DM (4)
- Impaired wound healing and increased risk of infection
- Rapid multiplication of infectious organisms in glucose rich environment
- Leukocyte mobilization impaired because of vascular insufficiencies
- Impaired immune response
Points about Retinopathy and DM (4)
- After 20 years, all type 1 and 60% type 2 have some degree of retinopathy (Klein, et al, 1984)
- Blockage of microvascular perfusion with retinal ischemia and necrosis
- Increased risk with elevations of HbA1c (Massin M, et al, 2011)
- Aggressive management of blood glucose levels (HbA1c < 6) delays onset and progression (Morita, et al, 2010)
Points about Nephropathy and DM (3)
- Diabetes is most common cause of end-stage renal disease
- Hardening and thickening of glomerular basement membrane decreased filtering capacity of nephrons
- Can be delayed with intensive management of blood glucose levels, treatment of hypertension (ACE inhibitor or ACE inhibitor in combination with b-blocker), care with dietary protein and stopping smoking.
Musculoskeletal Problems likely to be seen with DM (11)
- Syndrome of limited joint mobility
- Stiff hand syndrome
- Flexor tenosynovitis – inflammation and fibrotic changes of flexor tendons of the hand
- Dupuytren’s contracture
- CTS
- Adhesive capsulitis
- Osteoporosis
- Charcot’s arthropathy
- Subluxation of tarsal and metatarsal joints
- Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (reflex sympathetic dystrophy)
- Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH)
What Dr. T highlights about: Syndrome of limited joint mobility
– flexion contractures of hand (and other joints eventually) leading to decreased ROM and strength
What Dr. T highlights about: Stiff hand syndrome
– paresthesias and pain and increased subcutaneous stiffness/hardness secondary to vascular insufficiency
What Dr. T highlights about: Dupuytren’s contracture
– flexion contracture with thickening of the palmar fascia usually most involvement of 3rd & 4th digits in the diabetic population (compared to 4th and 5th digits from other causes)
What Dr. T highlights about: CTS (carpal tunnel)
more neuropathic than entrapment in diabetic patient
What Dr. T highlights about: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (reflex sympathetic dystrophy)
– initiated by vascular disease and/or abnormalities in sensory and autonomic nerve conduction
What Dr. T highlights about: Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH)
– osteophytes grow and fuse from adjacent vertebrae, most common in thoracic spine but seen in other joints/areas
What Dr. T highlights about: Osteoporosis
– generalized osteoporosis within 5 years of Type 1 onset, less pronounced in Type 2, with microfractures and decreased bone repair
What Dr. T highlights very briefly about: Charcot’s arthropathy
loss of sensation with repeated trauma to joints
Points about skin ulcerations and DM
- Neuropathy decreases sensation and recognition of skin damage
- Decreased vascular perfusion
- Increased shear forces due to orthopedic changes, previous scarring, subcutaneous stiffness and loss of local fat pads
- Lack of normal sweating, dry skin and inelastic
- Decreased repair due to decreased vascularization
CDC stats on prevelance of DM in youth
(don’t think we need to know this?)
- Reported at the 72nd American Diabetes Scientific Sessions, June 9, 2012
- Prevalence of type 2 diabetes had increased 21% among American youth from 2001-2009
- Prevalence of type 1 diabetes rose 23%
- 189,000 Americans under the age of 20 with diabetes; 168,000 had type 1 & > 19,000 had type 2
- Highest risk for type 2 diabetes was highest among American Indian and non-Hispanic black youth
- Proportion of Hispanic and non-Hispanic white youth with type 2 diabetes was lower, but it increased over time
MB is daydreaming about being where right now?
Panama
