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PPD Y3 > Screening and Health Promotion > Flashcards

Screening and Health Promotion Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of screening ?

A

detect disease at pre-symptomatic stage,
interrupt the natural history of disease,
detect individuals vulnerable to disease and reduce risk,
enable informed reproductive choices,
protect public health

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2
Q

what is screening ?

A

a process that identifies unrecognised conditions by rapidly applied tests on a large scale
not diagnostic and requires follow up investigations and treatment

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3
Q

what are the three types of screening ?

A

selective, mass and opportunistic

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4
Q

give an example of selective screening for a single disease

A

chest x-ray in coal miners

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5
Q

give an example of selective multiphase screening

A

antenatal examinations

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6
Q

give an example of mass screening for a single disease

A

cervical, breast, prostate screening

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7
Q

give an example of mass multiphase screening

A

routine check ups over 75 year olds

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8
Q

describe the selective screening mechanism

A

identify individuals at high risk of disease,
screen for early disease,
convert to low risk by behaviour modification and/or intervention

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9
Q

what are the benefits of effective screening?

A 
preventive measure,
reduces morbidity and mortality,
reduces costs,
less radical treatment,
reassurance for those deemed healthy
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10
Q

what are the principles of screening ?

A 
condition should be important health problem,
natural history understood, 
recognisable symptoms,
suitable test for examination,
acceptable test and treatment,
effective in reducing mortality/morbidity,
benefits outweigh harm,
economic, 
agreed policy on whom to treat
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11
Q

what characteristics should diseases have in order to be suitable for screening?

A

slow but progressive natural history,
major effects,
high prevalence

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12
Q

what are the stages of screening?

A

identify at risk group
apply screening test
apply appropriate diagnostic tests
treat those with positive results

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13
Q

what is meant by sensitivity ?

A

probability that the test will be positive if the disease is truly present

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14
Q

what is meant by specificity ?

A

probability that the test is negative if the disease is truly absent

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15
Q

what is meant by positive predictive value?

A

probability of truly having the disease when a screening test is positive

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16
Q

what is meant by negative predictive value ?

A

probability of being disease free when the screening test is negative

17
Q

who is responsible for setting the principles of screening ?

A

National Screening Committee

18
Q

what are the factors influencing health ?

A 
human biology,
physical environments,
social environments,
behaviour and lifestyles,
health services
19
Q

how does environment and lifestyle influence health ?

A

behaviour is a product of routine and social encounters,
behaviour is psychological,
social and physical environments provide and restrict the range of options from which people are able to make choices

20
Q

what percentage of public expenditure relates to oral health in high income countries ?

A

5-10%

21
Q

what are the aims of health promotion ?

A

tackle the determinants of health,
work in partnership with agencies and sectors,
adopt a strategic approach with a range of actions to promote population health

22
Q

what is the definition of health promotion ?

A

the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health

23
Q

what are the principles of health promotion?

A

involve the population as a whole,
directed towards action on determinants,
effective and concrete public participation,
not a medical service,
health professionals have a role in enablement, mediation, advocacy and education

24
Q

what are the 5 approaches to health promotion?

A

prevention, behaviour change, education, empowerment, social change

25
Q

what does health promotion lead to ?

A

healthy public policy

26
Q

what do health promotion interventions need to be supported by ?

A

evidence

27
Q

what is meant by opportunity cost ?

A

the benefit of an intervention compared to its cost

28
Q

how is the cost effectiveness of public health interventions measured ?

A

cost per QALY (quality adjusted life years)

29
Q

what are the settings for oral health promotion ?

A

population, community, school, workplace, dental practice

30
Q

what are the 5 strategic elements of the WHO Ottawa Charter 1986?

A 
building healthy public policy,
creating supportive environments,
strengthening community action, 
developing personal skills,
reorienting health services
31
Q

what are the problems with health promotion ?

A

long interval between preventive strategy and measurable improvements.
time consuming,
politically controversial,
must be rigorously evaluated,
politicians place emphasis on personal lifestyle choices

32
Q

what are the dilemmas for health promotion?

A 
healthism,
victim blaming,
inaccessibility of information,
appropriation of health promotion by specialist groups,
evaluation and effectiveness
33
Q

what are the main overall focusses of health promotion ?

A

focus on the population as a whole, make the healthy choices the easy and inexpensive choices

34
Q

How can healthy public policy be achieved ?

A

Remove barriers to healthy policy to make them the easier choices,
Health impact assessment,
Legislation and regulation eg seat belts
Fiscal policies eg taxes on food/tobacco

35
Q

How can supportive environments be created ?

A

Create work environments that are safe and satisfying
Encourage communities to work together and conserve natural resources
Wider environment - access to healthy food
Work/school - food and smoking regulations, exercise facilities, health and safety
Home - facilities

36
Q

How is strengthening of community action achieved ?

A

Set priorities, make decisions, plan local strategies, implement plans
Eg food co operatives, farmers markets, smoking cessation, cookery clubs

37
Q

How can personal skills be developed ?

A 
Health education,
Knowledge, attitudes, behaviour, 
Coping strategies,
Self esteem, 
Self efficacy, 
Empowerment
38
Q

How are health services reoriented ?

A

Ensure health services aimed at the pursuit of health not just curing disease
Primary healthcare approach - address inverse care law

PPD Y3 (9 decks)

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