Scotts Flashcards by Giselle Celine Cerrillo

The probability above which diagnosis is sufficiently likely to warrant treatment.

a. diagnostic threshold
b. treatment threshold
c. test threshold
d. probability threshold

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Likelihood ratio is largely and often conclusive with:

a. LR 1-2 and 0.5-1
b. LR 2-5 and 0.2-0.5
c. LR 5-10 and 0.1-0.2
d. LR > 10 and

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Which of the following is a diagnostic test?

a. test in a laboratory
b. clinical information derived from history and PE
c. constellation of symptoms
d. all of the above

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The following ae gold standards except:

a. histopathology
b. autopsy
c. radiological findings
d. endoscopy and biopsy

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A positive test is most helpful when the test result is:

a. positive
b. negative
c. equivocal
d. none of the above

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If false positive findings causes physical, emotional and financial problems to the patient, you should have a test which is highly:

a. specific
b. sensitive
c. PPV
d. NPV

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Chances that patient does not have the disease given a negative test value

a. Specificity
b. Sensitivity
c. PPV
d. NPV

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Chances that patient has disease given a positive test value

a. Specificity
b. Sensitivity
c. PPV
d. NPV

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Prevalence rate is:

a. (a+d)/(a+b+c+d)
b. (a+c)/(a+b+c+d)
c. a/a+c * 100%
d. d/d+b * 100%

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Sensitivity =

a. (a+c)/(a+b+c+d)
b. (a+d)/(a+b+c+d)
c. [a/(a+c)] * 100
d. [c/(b+d)] * 100

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Good agreement in Kappa statistics:
A. K>0.80
B. 0.60

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(Case 2, not complete) 25 students had a positive skin test. They repeated chest x-ray and sputum examination. 10 students confirmed to have active pulmonary tuberculosis. They were treated accordingly. In 2011, one student presented with nausea and vomiting, severe headaches and diplopia. On cranial CT and lumbar tap, he was shown to have TB meningitis. What is the incidence of TB meningitis in 2011 among UPCM class of 2014?
a) 1/25
b) 1/100
c) 1/160
d) None of the above

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A study was conducted in Class 2014 (composed of 160 students) on the incidence of Syndrome X. At 2009, none had the syndrome. On 2010, 10 students had the syndrome. On 2011, 20 students (10 old, 10 new) now had the syndrome. On 2012, 40 students (20 old, 20 new) had syndrome X. On 2013, 80 students (40 old, 40 new) had the syndrome. Finally, on 2014, ALL students hahd syndrome X.

What type of population is described in the case?
a. dynamic population
b. fixed population

B There are no drop-outs or new additions/recruits.

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What type of incidence is described in the case?

a. cumulative incidence
b. incidence density

A. CI is used for fixed populations. ID is for dyanimic ones. Also, the denominator used is number of participants which is the appropriate denominator for CI. ID uses person years.

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Gold standard for the clinical evaluation of treatment effect

A. Case report / case series 
B. Cohort study
C. Clinical trial (non-randomized)
D. Randomized control trial 
E. None of the above

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Study design to report treatment effects for rare cases

A. Case report / case series 
B. Cohort study
C. Clinical trial (non-randomized)
D. Randomized control trial 
E. None of the above

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Study design used to evaluate new (but available) therapies using population of patients already on the intervention

A. Case report / case series 
B. Cohort study
C. Clinical trial (non-randomized)
D. Randomized control trial 
E. None of the above

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Ensures comparability of baseline characteristic and prognostic variables which may influenced outcome

A. Case report / case series 
B. Cohort study
C. Clinical trial (non-randomized)
D. Randomized control trial 
E. None of the above

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Retrospective evaluation of treatment effect by determining effects with or without outcome of interest

A. Case report / case series 
B. Cohort study
C. Clinical trial (non-randomized)
D. Randomized control trial 
E. None of the above

Study These Flashcards

Maneuvers other than intervention of interest which if represent may influence outcome

A. Contamination
B. Co-intervention
C. Blinding/Masking
D. Placebo
E. None of the above

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Non – knowledge of intervention which may lead to the introduction of maneuvers or influence the assessors which may affect the outcomes.

A. Contamination
B. Co-intervention
C. Blinding/Masking
D. Placebo
E. None of the above

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A response to a medical intervention that is definitely a result of that intervention but not through its specific mechanism of action.

A. Contamination
B. Co-intervention
C. Blinding/Masking
D. Placebo
E. None of the above

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Intervention that is intended to be distinguishable from the active treatment but does not have a specific, known mechanism of action

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When control patients accidentally receive the experimental intervention.

A. Contamination
B. Co-intervention
C. Blinding/Masking
D. Placebo
E. None of the above

Study These Flashcards

``` A 3-day training of volunteers on the use of questionnaires for the interview A. a. measurement bias B. selection bias C. Confounding bias D. nota ```

``` Occurs when one factor affects both variable under study and outcome and this factor directs the relationship of the two? A. Random variation B. Internal validity C. Misinformation D. Confounding bias E. None of the above ```

``` In a pilot study, 12 women with endometrial cancer, and 12 women with no apparent disease were contacted and asked if they had ever used estrogen. Each woman with cancer was matched by age, weight, and parity to a normal woman. What is the study design? A. Concurrent cohort B. Retrospective cohort C. Case-control D. Cross-sectional E. Experimental ```

``` Physical examination of the UP Class 1935 were examined in 1977 to see if height and weight at their time of admission is related to the manifestation of coronary heart disease in 1986. This is an example of: A. Cross-sectional study B. Case-control study C. Concurrent cohort D. Retrospective cohort E. Experimental study ```

In a case-control study, which of the following is true? A. Proportion of cases with exposure is compared with the proportion of control with exposure B. Disease rates are compared for people with factor of interest and for people without factor of interest C. Investigator can choose to have multiple comparison groups D. Recall bias is a potential problem E. A, C & D

In a cohort study of smoking and lung cancer, incidence of lung cancer among smokers was 9/1000 and incidence of lung cancer among nonsmokers was 1/1000. From another source, we know that 45% of the total population were smokers. ``` 76. The incidence of lung cancer attributable to smoking in the total population is: A. 9/1000 B. 4.5/1000 C. 3.6/1000 D. 1/1000 E. 10/1000 ```

Incidence of disease in a group initially free of a condition. ``` A. Absolute risk B. Attributable risk C. Relative risk D. Population Attributable Risk E. Population Attributable Fraction ```

Incidence of a disease in a population associated with the occurrence of a risk factor. ``` A. Absolute risk B. Attributable risk C. Relative risk D. Population Attributable Risk E. Population Attributable Fraction ```

Fraction of disease in a population attributable to exposure to a risk factor. ``` A. Absolute risk B. Attributable risk C. Relative risk D. Population Attributable Risk E. Population Attributable Fraction ```

Risk Difference ``` A. Absolute risk B. Attributable risk C. Relative risk D. Population Attributable Risk E. Population Attributable Fraction ```

Incidence of a disease attributable to exposure a. Absolute risk b. Attributable risk c. Relative risk d. Population attributable risk e. Population attributable fraction

Fraction of a disease in a population that is attributable to exposure to a risk factor a. Absolute risk b. Attributable risk c. Relative risk d. Population attributable risk e. Population attributable fraction

Medical care may differ in one geographic area to another without corresponding difference in patient's health.

90. Convenience sampling is less likely to misrepresent their parent population to mislead the conclusion made

91. Bias is any deviation in the process of inference that could lead to an erroneous conclusion.

93. Which statement is true regarding risk? A. Risk is associated with long latency periods. B. Long exposure to risk results in disease. C. Both A and B. D. Neither A nor B.

94. Which is true of risk? A. A chronic disease is attributed to several risk factors. B. A risk is attributed to small risk require only a small population. C. Both are true. D. Neither is true.

``` 95. Knowledge of risk can be used to: A. Predict future disease. B. Determine causality. C. Calculate prevalence. D. A and B only. E. All of the above. ```

99. Which of the following is a disadvantage of applying the statistical definition of abnormality? A. Not all health measurements (indicators or variables) are normally distributed. B. The middle 95% of normally distributed variable regardless of patient’s health is defined as abnormal. C. Extreme percentiles are defined as abnormal for variables that are not normally distributed. D. Distribution of variable of interest can be generated for a specific group when there are reasons to believe that the groups differ (e.g. growth charts for Caucasians and Filipinos)

Scotts Flashcards

(43 cards)