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LSC101 > Scott's Lectures > Flashcards

Scott's Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What are in the kingdoms in evolution?

A
  • monera
  • Protista
  • fungi
  • plants
  • animals
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Monera?

A

Prokaryotic and mainly unicellular

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Protista?

A

Eukaryotic and unicellular
Autotrophic and heterotrophic forms
Most structurally and functionally diverse group of organisms

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4
Q

What are the main components of plants?

A

Mainly multicellular eukaryotes

Photosynthetic

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5
Q

What are the main component fungi?

A

Mainly multicellular eukaryotes

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6
Q

What are the main components of animals?

A

Multicellular eukaryotes

Feed by ingestion and digestion

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7
Q

How to fungi feed?

A

By absorption

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8
Q

What is microbiology?

A 
The study of micro organisms 
•algae
•fungi
•Protozoa
•bacteria 
•viruses 
•prions
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9
Q

Why is microbiology relevant to forensic sciences, environmental science, biomedical sciences, food scientists etc

A

Micro organisms are used in biotechnology processes
Genetic engineering
Protein production

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10
Q

What is a liposome?

A

Water+Phospholipids

Double layered inert membrane structures

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11
Q

What are stromatolites?

A

Fossilised microbial mats found in schist-gneiss-migmatite rocks

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12
Q

Bacteria structure

A

Prokaryotic
Mainly unicellular
Wide variety of feeding strategies

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13
Q

What are the different bacteria shapes? (Morphology)

A

Coccoid (round)
Bacillus (rod) - E. coli
Vibroid (comma) - vibrio cholerae
Spirochaete (spiral) - treponema pallidum

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14
Q

How do bacteria feed?

A

Most feed by absorption (eubacteria and archaebacteria)
Some by photosynthesis (Cyanobacteria)
Some are chemolithotrophic

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15
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The anaerobic conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide and alcohol by yeast

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16
Q

Components of Protozoa

A 
Eukaryotic microorganisms 
Unicellular 
Feed by ingestion 
Main predictors of bacteria 
Responsible for some pathogenic diseases
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17
Q

What are the 4 main phyla of Protozoa?

A
  • Phylum sarcomastigophora
  • Phylum Apicomplexa
  • Phylum Microspora
  • Phylum Ciliophora
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18
Q

What is a virus?

A

Simple structures consisting essentially of a nucleic acid genome, protected by a shell of protein

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19
Q

What is a virion?

A

Virus particle

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20
Q

What is a capsid?

A

Protein shell which surrounds and protects the genome

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21
Q

What is a nucleocapsid?

A

Genome plus capsid

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22
Q

What is an envelope?

A

Lipid membrane which surrounds some viruses.

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23
Q

What are peplomers?

A

Proteins found in the envelope of the virion

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24
Q

How can viruses enter the body?

A

By: Inhalation, Ingestion, Sexual Intercourse or Inoculation

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25
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

The time from exposure to an organism to the onset of clinical disease

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26
Q

What percent of human cancers are caused by viruses?

A

About 15%

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27
Q

What are prions composed of?

A

Protein only

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28
Q

What is genetics

A

The science of heredity and variation in living organisms

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29
Q

What is DNA made of?

A
  • Phosphate
  • Sugar
  • Base
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30
Q

What are the 4 different bases in DNA?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
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31
Q

Which 2 bases are purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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32
Q

Which 2 bases are Pyrimidines?

A

Thymine and Cytosine

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33
Q

Which enzyme is used in DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

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34
Q

What contains the information used to make proteins?

A

DNA

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35
Q

How long are human chromosomes?

A

2x10^8 nucleotides long

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36
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA + Proteins

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37
Q

What are histones?

A

Flat disc like proteins

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38
Q

How is DNA packaged?

A

DNA is wound around histones and eventually becomes a chromosome

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39
Q

What are the steps to making to making a protein?

A

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

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40
Q

What is RNA?

A

Ribonucleic Acid

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41
Q

Which base pairs with Adenine in mRNA?

A

Uracil

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42
Q

What enzyme is used in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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43
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

Ships information from nucleus to ribosomes

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44
Q

How many codon possibilities are there?

A

64

45
Q

What does the anticodon do?

A

Specifies which amino acid the tRNA will carry

46
Q

How many chromosomes do we have?

A

46 (23 pairs)

47
Q

What are spindle fibres?

A

Microtubules + proteins

48
Q

What do spindle fibres do?

A

Pull chromosomes to poles of the cell

49
Q

What stage of mitosis does DNA replicate?

A

Interphase

50
Q

What happened during interphase? (Mitosis)

A

Chromosomes unravel

Individual chromosomes can’t be identified

51
Q

What happens during prophase? (Mitosis)

A

Replicated chromosomes begin to condense

Mitotic spindles begin to form

52
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Identical copies of each chromosome joined at the centromere

53
Q

What happens during prometaphase? (Mitosis)

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down
Centrosomes moved to opposite ends
Spindle fibres extent toward middle of cell

54
Q

What is the attachment point to a spindle fibre called?

A

Kinetochore

55
Q

What happens during metaphase? (Mitosis)

A

Chromosomes line up along metaphase plate
Homologous chromosomes are not paired
Line up in random order

56
Q

What happens during anaphase? (Mitosis)

A

Spindle fibres pull sister chromatids apart
Sister chromatids now individual chromosomes
Migrate to opposite poles of cell

57
Q

What happens during telophase? (Mitosis)

A

Nuclear envelope reforms
Chromosomes begin to unravel
Cell begins to split in half

58
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Cell pinches in two and divides

CLEAVAGE FURROW

59
Q

What is the end result of mitosis?

A

Two identical daughter cells

60
Q

How many sets of chromosomes do somatic cells have?

A

2

61
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Diploid embryo

62
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

23

63
Q

What happens in prophase 1 of meiosis that doesn’t happen during mitosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up

64
Q

What is chiasmata?

A

Non sister chromatids stick together at various points

‘Crossing over’

65
Q

What is the end result of meiosis?

A

4 daughter cells with 1 chromosome

66
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Changes in the base sequence

67
Q

What is the result of synonymous substitutions?

A

The same amino acid is coded for

68
Q

What is the result of missense substitutions?

A

Amino acid changes

69
Q

What is the result of a nonsense substitution?

A

Stop in the middle

70
Q

What is the name for different forms of the same gene?

A

Allele

71
Q

What does genotype mean?

A

Individuals genetic make up

72
Q

What does phenotype mean?

A

What the individual looks like

73
Q

What were Medels 3 theories?

A
  1. Blending inheritance
  2. Inheritance of acquired characteristics
  3. Particulate inheritance
74
Q

What is blending inheritance?

A

Material from parents mixes like paint
Offspring is a mic of two parents
Once mixed can’t be separated

75
Q

What are acquired characteristics?

A

A parent that acquires a skill or appearance in its lifetime will pass that on to its offspring
Genetic material can be modified by experience

76
Q

What is particulate inheritance?

A

Material exists as discrete units

Retain their identity in the offspring

77
Q

What is hybridisation?

A

Crossing true breeding parents

78
Q

Which one of Mendelssohn theories is true?

A

The particulate model of inheritance

79
Q

What ratio always occurred in mono hybrid crosses? (Mendel)

A

3:1

80
Q

What is a homologous chromosome?

A

One chromosome comes from the mother and one comes from the father

81
Q

Homozygous meaning

A

Same

82
Q

Heterozygous meaning

A

Different

83
Q

What is Mendel’s first law?

A

The law of segregation

84
Q

Explain the law of segregation

A
  • Each gamete contains only one of the two possible alleles
  • Each gamete receives only one copy of each chromosome
  • So it only receives one allele of each gene
85
Q

What does a punnet square do?

A

Works out what genotype and phenotype ratio we expect in the offspring of a given cross

86
Q

What does a test cross show?

A

If an organism with a dominant trait is a dominant homozygote or a heterozygote

87
Q

What is mendels second law?

A

The law of independent assortment

88
Q

Explain the else of independent assortment

A
  • traits are inherited independently

* a particular trait for one characteristic is not paired with a particular trait of the other character

89
Q

When does recombination occur?

A

During meiosis

90
Q

What is recessivity?

A

Whole spectrum of dominance

91
Q

What is codominance?

A

Both alleles expressed in the organisms phenotype at the same time

92
Q

What is polydactyl?

A

More than 5 fingers or toes

93
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

Most genes affect more than one character

94
Q

What is epistasis?

A

One gene affects how another is expressed in phenotype

95
Q

What is penetrance?

A

Probability that gene will be expressed

96
Q

What is expressivity?

A

Level of expression of a particular gene

97
Q

What is polygenic inheritance?

A

Most characters are influenced by many genes

98
Q

What does hermaphrodite mean?

A

Possess male and female sex organs

99
Q

What does dioecious mean?

A

Individuals are male or female

100
Q

Females are homogametic. What does this mean?

A

The can only make gametes that contain X chromosomes

101
Q

Males are heterogametic. What does this mean?

A

The can make gametes that either contain X or Y chromosomes

102
Q

What does hemizygous mean?

A

Can only have one copy of genes

103
Q

What is sex linkage?

A

Gene on differential region show sex specific inheritance

104
Q

What makes a man?

A
  • genes in holandric region determine maleness
  • at 10 weeks embryo begins to differentiate into boy or girl
  • sex determining region of Y is switched on
  • generic gonads develop into testes otherwise develops as female (default setting)
105
Q

What to fathers pass to daughters that they don’t pass to sons?

A

X linked alleles

106
Q

Who do sons get their one X chromosome from?

A

Mother (and a Y from father)

107
Q

What are BARR bodies?

A

Inactivated X chromosomes

108
Q

What is lyonisation?

A

Inactivation of chromosomes is random and independent

LSC101 (3 decks)

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