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LSC101 > Kimberly's Lectures > Flashcards

Kimberly's Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

Define a cell

A

Internally organised unit with structural compartments for different functions
Organelles

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2
Q

How many different primary tissues is the body composed of?

A

4

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3
Q

How many primary tissues do organs contain?

A

At least 2, but usually all 4

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4
Q

Explain juxtacrine

A

Contact dependent signalling

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5
Q

Explain Autocrine

A

Cell secretes hormone/chemical messenger that binds to autocrine receptors on same cell (leads to changes in the cell).

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6
Q

Explain endocrine advertising

A

Cell release hormones that act on distinct target cells in the body

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7
Q

Explain exocrine advertising

A

Secretion of a substance out through a duct e.g. Salivary glands, sweat glands

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8
Q

What is the synapse?

A

Functional connection between a neuron and another cell

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9
Q

What is integration?

A

‘Cross talk’

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10
Q

What percentage of the body is water?

A

60%

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11
Q

What is a solution?

A

Solvent + solute

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12
Q

Explain concentration gradients

A

Substances will always Tavel from an area of high concentration to low concentration (diffusion)

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13
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Weaker than the interior of the cell

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14
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

Stronger than the interior of the cell

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15
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water down a concentration gradient across a semi permeable membrane

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16
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Molecules move down their concentration gradient but must pass a membrane via a specific pore or transporter

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17
Q

What do cells use as their energy source?

A

ATP

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18
Q

Name 2 soluble compounds

A
  1. Glucose

2. Sodium Chloride

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19
Q

Why is glucose soluble in water?

A

Water molecules attract each other and form a network of hydrogen bonds

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20
Q

Why is sodium chloride (salt) soluble?

A

Sodium chloride is an ionic compound. In water it’s components dissociate and ionise. Ions will interact with water

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21
Q

What does an electrolyte do?

A

Produces a solution that will conduct electricity

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22
Q

What can result in formation of a solid (precipitation)?

A

Mixing by two aqueous solutions

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23
Q

What is pH?

A

The degree of acidity or alkalinity

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24
Q

Why is oil insoluble in water?

A

Water is polar and oil is non polar and their molecules are not attracted to each other. Water molecules are more attracted to themselves in this case

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25
Q

How do you maintain a constant pH? (Blood 7.35-7.45)

A

Use a buffer

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26
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction

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27
Q

What do catalysts do?

A

Selectively speed up a specific chemical reaction without being consumed)

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28
Q

What does the rate of reaction depend on?

A
  1. pH
  2. Temperature
  3. Ionic strength
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29
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

External factors lead to change in internal environment

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30
Q

What is a conformer?

A

Organism that is dependent upon the changes in the external environment

31
Q

What is a regulator?

A

Organism that can control their internal environment regardless of external environmental change

32
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A reaction that causes a decrease in function

33
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

A physiological process is encouraged or the actions of a system are amplified. This can continue to amplify your body’s response to a stimulus until a negative feedback response takes over

34
Q

What molecules make up a cell?

A

70% water

30% chemical

35
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Proteins are required for the structure, function and regulation of the bodies tissues and organs

36
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Polymers of amino acids

37
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20

38
Q

What components make up a protein?

A

Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and occasionally sulphur

39
Q

How do you make a protein?

A

Amino acids join together to form a polypeptide (like a string of beads)

40
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Increases in temperature or extremes of pHcan distort the shape of a protein

41
Q

What do carbohydrates do?

A

Provide body with energy

42
Q

What are carbohydrates made of?

A

Monosaccharides

43
Q

What do monosaccharides link together to form?

A

Disaccharides

44
Q

What are some common disaccharides?

A
  • maltose
  • lactose
  • sucrose
45
Q

What is another name for fats?

A

Lipids

46
Q

What do fats contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

47
Q

What is a fat?

A

Compound that dissolves in an organic solvent

48
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

Fat that contains no double bonds

49
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

Fats that contain a double bond

50
Q

What does TAG contain?

A

Fatty acids

Glycerol

51
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

Very insoluble in water

52
Q

What do nucleic acids contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous

53
Q

What is RNA used for?

A

Protein synthesis

54
Q

What does ATP do?

A

Allows reactions to occur that would otherwise be impossible
Provides a link between energy consuming and energy producing reactions

55
Q

What does it mean to acclimatise (or acclimate)?

A

Change your phenotype

56
Q

What does adaption mean?

A

Changes to genotype

57
Q

What is phenotypic plasticity?

A

Within the constraints of its genotype an animal can change its phenotype

58
Q

How to be plastic?

A
  • membrane acclimation
  • enzyme acclimation
  • changes in gene and protein expression
59
Q

What are some components of the cell membrane

A
  • it provides structure

* must be flexible/ fluid enough for ion and protein movement

60
Q

What is acclimation

A

Physiological, biochemical or anatomical change within an individual

61
Q

What is the importance of practicing?

A

More phenotypic plasticity usually means organisms/populations are more resilient

62
Q

What are the requirements of evolution by natural selection?

A
  • Genetic variation (traits can be passed on)

* An advantage

63
Q

What are the basic concepts in evolution by natural selection?

A
  1. Environment - the selective force

2. Fitness - those better adapted will survive

64
Q

What is drift?

A

Some traits do not confer an advantage. Evolution of the traits is due to chance

65
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

A small number of organism colonise a new area and are isolated from the original population

66
Q

Why is sex useful?

A

It mixes up allelic combinations and it makes it much harder to lose genetic diversity from the population (if mating is random)

67
Q

What is evolution?

A

Changes in heritable traits within a population from one generation to the next

68
Q

What is a species?

A

Largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring

69
Q

What is stabilising selection?

A

One average phenotype is selected and extreme values are selected against

70
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Extreme value of a trait is advantageous and selected for

71
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

Extremes are favoured over average value for a given trait

72
Q

What is frequency depended selection?

A

Fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in the population. Phenotype becomes less fit if it becomes too common.

73
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

Competition for access to mate

LSC101 (3 decks)

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