Scientific Thinking Flashcards
What is unicellular organisms?
Individual made of one cell
What is multicellular organisms?
multicellular, normally large, some micro
How would you describe metabolism? (3 points)
- A set of chemical reactions to release energy from food
- Create (anabolism) or breakdown
- Energies transformed from one form into another (starch in sugar and sugar in carbon dioxide)
What “anabolism” stands for?
Anabolism is the process by which the body utilizes the energy released by catabolism to synthesize complex molecules. Breaks down molecules or atomes
What is the role of homeostasis?
- Keeping the internal environment (homeostasis) of the cell or organism within the ranges required for life
- Staple internal conditions pH, temperature, water balance, etc
- Our bodies with sweating
What happens to the cells when the body grows?
Number of cells increases
What is mitosis?
The cell reproduction by the cell division
What is morphogenesis?
Helps the organism to develop its shape.
Morphogenesis to form adult body
What are the different theories of Evolution?
- Population of organisms change
- Explains how many different kinds of organisms came into existence
- Explains how modern organisms are related to past organisms
- Natural selection is driving force in evolution
- Survival of the fittest = natural selection
- Organisms that have favorable traits better able successfully reproduce than organisms that lack these traits
- Survival of organisms with favorable traits cause a gradual change in populations over many generations
- Darwinismo
- All species come from same cells
What are the main differences between DNA and RNA?
- DNA 2 strands vs 1 strand
- Sugar (deoxyribose) for DNA vs Ribose for RNA
- ATCG for DNA vs AUCG for RND
What does A, T, C, G and U stands for in RNA/DNA?
A= ademine T= thymine C= cytosine G= Guanine U= Uracil
What is an atomic mass?
The proton + neutron together because electron does not weight much.
What is an isotope?
Same atomic number, but different atomic mass.
Same element and same atomic number
Difference mass and different number of neutrons
How does electron shell works?
It’s the orbit where the electrons are around the nucleus.
Inner layer contains only 2 electron, 2nd 8 electrons and 3rd 18 electrons.
Give me the different information on Hydrogen
Atomic number = 1
1 proton
1 electron
1 shell
Give the different informations on Carbon
Atomic number = 6
6 protons and electrons
4 electrons in last shell
What does compound stands for?
A group of identical molecules
How does molecules stick together?
By the bonds
What are the different types of experimental studies?
- Blind experimental design
- Double-blind experimental
- Randomized experimental design
In science, how theories are formed?
In science the theories are repeatedly tested and supported by a large body of evidence. It is broader in scope.
What are the 2 different theories in biology?
- Cell theory: “All organisms are composed of cells and all cells come from preexisting cells.”
- Theory of evolution: “Species change over time and are all related to each other through common ancestry. “
When do hypothesis becomes theory?
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for phenomenon. It is a good lead to testable predictions.
Theories are exceptionally well supported hypotheses. It is repeatedly tested and unlikely to be altered by new evidences.
What are the four elements common in most experiments?
- Treatment
- Experimental group
- Control group
- Variables
What is the difference between experimental and control group?
The experimental group is the group we give the treatment to whereas the control group has no treatment given.
What is the difference between independent and dependent variables?
The independent variable is measurable and the values can change. The dependent variable is not controlled and is simply for observation.
What are the different experimental designs and which ones are the most used?
- Open-label
- Blind
- Double blind
- Randomized
Double-blind and randomized are the most used.
What is replications and what is its role?
Replication is the process of repeating a study. It increases the confidence in results and helps isolate variables responsible for outcomes of experiments.
What are the dangers to obscur the truth in science?
Pseudoscience when the claims sound scientific supported, but it’s not and anecdotal observation that is based on few observations and relate 2 things together when there is not. Often supertition.
How can we make sure that the experimental articles are reliable?
It is a peer-reviewed journal and a double-blind clinical study with more than 100 participants.
What is p-value?
It is the probability that hypothesis is true and is the difference between different datas. A low p-value will mean that the difference is less likely due to random chances.
