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BIOL 202 Midterm > Energy > Flashcards

Energy Flashcards

1
Q

Where and how can we find energy?

A

Energy is stored in chemical bonds, therefore we can produce energy by breaking chemical bonds.

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2
Q

What are the 2 different forms of energy?

A

Kinetic and potential. Kinetic if any energy involved with moving an object, whereas potential energy is chemical energy that results from its location, position or composition of the object.

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3
Q

Where can we find potential energy?

A

We can find potential energy in food. Food contains carbohydrates, lipids and proteins used to break the chemical bonds and produce energy.

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4
Q

What are the 2 laws of Thermodynamics?

A

1- Energy can never be created or destroyed. It can change form to another.
2- Every conversion of energy is not perfectly efficient; some energy will convert into heat. As the energy is captured and converted, the amount of energy available to do work decreases.

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5
Q

What does kinetic energy transformation into potential energy looks like?

A

Light energy –> loose some energy into heat –> chemical energy stored into plants (glucose)

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6
Q

What does potential energy transformation into kinetic energy looks like?

A

Chemical energy stored in muscles and liver –> lose some energy into heat –> kinetic energy of forward motion

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7
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

It is the process of harvesting chemical energy in a controlled manner. Harvested energy is used to make ATP.

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8
Q

Where can we find ATP?

A

Between phosphate groups.

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9
Q

What is ATP recycling?

A

ATP acts like a rechargeable battery and can be reused.

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10
Q

Why are we so dependable on sun light?

A

Because our food comes from plants and plants get energy from the sun by doing photosynthesis.

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11
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Is is the process of making organic molecules using energy from the sun.

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12
Q

True or false?

The Calvin Cycle requires O2

A

False.

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13
Q

What are the inputs and products involved in photosynthesis?

A

Inputs: sunlight, CO2 and O2
Products: sugar and O2

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14
Q

What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis?

A
  1. Light reaction where it is the photo reaction and the energy is captured. It occurs in the thylakoid of the chloroplast.
  2. Calvin Cycle. It is the synthesis reaction or the carbon capture stage where glucose is synthesized using CO2 and it takes place in the stroma.
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15
Q

What is the function of the chlorophyll pigments?

A

It captures the light. It absorbs blue and red, and reflects green, which is why we see chlorophyll green.

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16
Q

What are the 2 components of light reactions?

A
  • Photosystems which is when chlorophyll captures light energy and produces high energy electrons. Then transferred to ETC.
  • Electron transport chain (ETC). The energy is then released from the electrons used to generate the ATP and they generate NADPH.
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17
Q

How does light energy affect chlorophyll?

A

Light energy bumps a chlorophyll electron and excite it to a high energy level.

18
Q

What are the 2 possible scenarios possible when an electron is excited?

A
  1. The electron returns to normal energy while releasing some energy and excites an electron near by.
  2. The excited electron jump to another molecul.
19
Q

What happens to the the reaction center after losing an electron strips electrons from the water molecules?

A

Oxygen is produced as result of by-product.

20
Q

How do ADP and NADP+ transform when excited?

A

ADP becomes ATP and NADP+ becomes NADPH.

21
Q

What is Calvin cycle?

A

It is a sugar-building reactions fuelled by ATP and NAPD+. CO2 is captured from the air and helps to build sugar.

22
Q

What are the reactans and product of Calvin cycle

A

ATP + NADPH + CO2 –> C6H12O6

23
Q

What are the 3 steps of the Calvin cycle?

A
  1. Fixation: CO2 fixes to the rest of the molecules with the aid of rubisco.
  2. Sugar creation: ATP become ADP and NADPH becomes NADP+, G3P (glyceraldehyde) becomes sugar.
  3. Regeneration: the molecule regenerates to be used again.
24
Q

Where comes from the energy used in the Calvin cycle?

A

It uses the energy transformed during the photo part of the photosynthesis.

25
Q

What are the raw materials in cellular respiration?

A

Sugar and oxygen distributed in the body.

26
Q

What are the different inputs and output of cellular respiration?

A

oxygen + sugar –> CO2 + H2O + ATP

27
Q

Where is performed cellular respiration?

A

In the mitochondria.

28
Q

Where comes from the energy used during cellular respiration?

A

From food molecules.

29
Q

What are the different stages of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis (happens in cytosol)
  2. Krebs cycle (matrix of mitochondria)
  3. Electron transport chain (in inner membrane)
30
Q

What is the function of electron carriers?

A

To take electrons from one molecule and drop it to another one.

31
Q

What are the 2 types of energy taking the role of electron carriers during the cellular respiration?

A

NADH and FADH2

32
Q

What are the different types of energy involved during the cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis: ATP, NADH
Krebs cycle: ATP, NADH, FADH2
Electron transport chain: ATP

33
Q

What is the low energy of FADH2?

A

FAD+

34
Q

Describe the first step of glycolysis called investment phase.

A

It takes place in cytoplasms and is the preparatory phase. The glucose uses 2 ATP to make the pyruvate unstable, ready to break.

35
Q

Describe the 2nd step of glycolysis/Pay off phase.

A

The pyruvate breaks in 2, but for each ATP invested to make the pyruvate unstable, 2 ATP are produced. Water and 2 NADH is also produced. Therefore 2 ATP are produced/glucose which gives a result of 4 ATP and 2 NADH

36
Q

What is the final goal of the Krebs cycle?

A

The pyruvate is broken down into CO2.

37
Q

What is reparation reaction?

A

It takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. Acetyl-CoA is produced from pyruvate and the conversion produces NADH and gives CO2.

38
Q

What are the 3 modifications occurring in the citric acid cycle?

A
  1. Electrons are passed from pyruvate to NAD+ giving 2 NADH.
  2. C & O are removed from the pyruvate and CO2 is then released.
  3. 2 molecules of Acetyl-CoA are formed.
39
Q

What is a special thing necessary to the citric acid cycle?

A

It takes 2 turn to dismantle the glucose.

40
Q

What are the products from the Kerbs cycle?

A
  • 3 molecules of NADH
  • 1 molecule of FADH2
  • 1 molecule of ATP
  • 2 molecules of CO2

BIOL 202 Midterm (5 decks)

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