Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 202 Midterm > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells?

A

It is the smallest units of life that can function independently and perform all necessary functions of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 different cell theories?

A
  1. All organisms are composed of cells.

2. All cell come from preexisting cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the name and examples for multiple and single cells?

A

Multicellular are often in plants and human. Unicellular are salmonella or amoeba.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 types of organisms/cells?

A
  • Prokaryote and eukaryote.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are organelles?

A

They are specialized structure in cell where each had its function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the main differences of prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cell doesn’t have a nucleus and doesn’t have a membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic is larger and has a nucleus which contain DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the basic architecture of a cell?

A

It has a plasma membrane which separate the plasma from the rest. Is has DNA which store information. There is the cytoplasm which is a thick fluid of the organelles and cytosol. Finally there is the ribosomes which synthesize the proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are other elements in the prokaryotic cell architecture?

A
  • Cell wall: protective layer
  • Capsule: protective out covering
  • Flagellum: provide mobility
  • Pilus: help cell attach to other surfaces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role of the nucleus in the prokaryotic cell?

A

It controls the center of the cell and is the site of RNA synthesis. It contains DNA and its chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the difference between animal and plant cells in terms of anatomy?

A

The plant cells have a chloroplast, cell wall and vacuole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 types of membranes?

A

There is the endomembrane which derives from the membrane invagination and the endosymbiosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the theories of endosymbiosis?

A
  1. Chloroplast and mitochondria are similar in size to the prokaryotic cells and divide by splitting, called fission.
  2. Chloroplasts and mitochondria have its own ribosomes.
  3. Chloroplasts have small amounts of circular DNA
  4. Chloroplasts and mitochondrial DNA more highly related to bacterial DNA than eukaryotic DNA.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the plant cells’ organelles?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which elements are created during the membrane invagination?

A

The nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosome, vacuole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which bacteria don’t want oxygen to grow and survive?

A

Aerobic bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which bacteria doesn’t require oxygen to survive?

A

Anoerobic bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which organism makes its own food?

A

Auxotrophic organisms or auxotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which organism doesn’t make its own food?

A

Heterotrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the resemblance between all cells?

A

They all have plasma membrane, DNA, cytoplasm and ribosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the difference between the cell membrane and the plasma membrane function wise?

A

The cell membrane is the gate keeper, whereas the plasma membrane holds the cell in place, takes in food and nutrients, aids in building and exporting molecules and allows interactions with the environment and neighbouring cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

For which part of the cell is the phospholipid bilayer a major component?

A

In the plasma membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the different parts of the phospholipid bilayer.

A 
Head: - hydrophilic
- Composed of glycerol with phosphorus containing molecule.
Tail: hydrophobic
- Non-polar
- Composed of carbon 
- Hydrogen chains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are the proteins embedded in the cell?

A

In the phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the role of carbohydrate in plasma?

A

It is the “fingerprint” for identification by other cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the role of receptor proteins in plasma?

A

It binds to external chemical that regulate process within the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the role of recognition proteins?

A

Provide “fingerprint” for indications by other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma?

A

Helps the membrane retain its flexibility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the role of transport proteins in the plasma?

A

It provides passageway for molecules through cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the role of membrane enzymes?

A

It accelerates intracellular and extracellular reaction on plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the different molecules in the plasma? (7)

A

Carbohydrate chains, receptor proteins, recognition proteins, glycoprotein, cholesterol, transport proteins, membrane enzymes

31
Q

How do receptor proteins respond to chemical signals?

A

The receptor proteins detects chemical signals in the environment and the chemical signal binds to the receptors releasing a reaction.

32
Q

How does your body answer to stress?

A

The reaction is in the kidney and the adrenal gland. The adrenaline binds to the beta-receptor and the body reactions with jittering, stuttering, etc.

33
Q

How do pharmaceutical drugs acts in the body?

A

It imitates the beta-blocker’s form.

34
Q

How do ions cross the lipid bilayer?

A

It doesn’t

35
Q

How do large uncharged polar molecules like glucose and sucrose cross the lipid bilayer?

A

It barely crosses, some cross, but the majority doesn’t

36
Q

How do small uncharged polar molecules like H2O, ures and glycerol cross the lipid bilayer?

A

Half of the molecules cross the lipid bilayer, but the other is blocked.

37
Q

How does hydrophobic molecules like O2, Co2, N2, benzen cross the lipid bilayer?

A

All the molecules pass

38
Q

What is ATP?

A

It is a portable chemical energy in the living organism. It has high energy and transforms into APP + Pi when it is low energy.

39
Q

How does active transport works?

A

It works against the concentration gradient and requires energy. The proteins assist the movement of ions and other molecules.

40
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary active transportation?

A

Primary active transport involves directly ATP in the molecule transport, whereas secondary active transport, ATP is not needed and is only indirectly responsible for transport.

41
Q

How large molecules are transported in active transport?

A

Endocytosis and exocytosis transport them using vesicles.

42
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Small spherical bubble-like structures in the cell

43
Q

What is an endocytosis?

A

The plasma membrane surrounds the material and it is the edges of membrane meet. The membranes fuse to form the vesicle.

44
Q

What are the 3 types of endocytosis?

A
  • Phagocytosis (cell eating)
  • Pinocytosis (cell drinking)
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis: transport LDL cholesterol into liver cells
45
Q

What is LDL?

A

A low density lipide.

46
Q

How does receptor-mediated endocytosis reacts?

A

It identifies the receptors and bind with LDL and engolfed inside.

47
Q

How do liver cells remove LDL cholesterol particles?

A
  1. Liver cells carry receptor for LDL
  2. LDL binds to LDL receptors
  3. Plasma membrane forms vesicles and engulfs LDL.
  4. Cholesterols are converted into other molecules.
48
Q

What is the impact of familial hypercholesterolemia?

A

It is a defection in the LDL receptor where the liver cells can’t uptake LDL cholesterol. Therefore, the LDL cholesterol stays in the blood. This leads to high risk of cardiovascular diseases. You can get tested by check your blood cholesterol.

49
Q

Describe the process of secretion by exocytosis.

A

The vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and discharge the materials into surrounding.

  1. Molecules are packaged in vesicle within the cell.
  2. The vesicle fuses with the cells plasma membrane
  3. Vesicle contents released for the use throughout the body.
50
Q

What is insulin?

A

It is a peptide-based hormone produced in the pancreas.

51
Q

How is insulin secreted in the body?

A

It is secreted from the pancreas into the blood steam. When it reaches the body cells, it signals the cells to produce more glucose transporters. The cell then take up the glucose and in the liver, the insulin stimulates the glycogen synthesis.

52
Q

What are the support structure of the eukaryotic cell structure?

A
  • Cell wall

- Cytoskeleton

53
Q

What is the role of the nucleus in the eukaryotic cell?

A

It is the control center where the DNA is maintained in chromosomes and is coupled with proteins. It is the site of transcription and the nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis. The nuclear membrane controls the entry of molecules into the nucleus.

54
Q

What is the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

It is the site of synthesis in the eukaryotic cell.

55
Q

What is the difference between smooth ER and rough ER?

A

Smooth ER detoxifies drugs, alcohol and other toxic chemicals and synthesizes and modifies lipids. Rough ER also synthesizes and modifies but for proteins.

56
Q

In which part of the body’s cell can we respectively found rough and smooth ER and why?

A

You can find rough ER in the pancreatic cells to help produce digestive enzymes (proteins) into the small intestine. You can find smooth ER in the liver cells to help detoxify harmful chemicals.

57
Q

What are the main functions of Golgi apparatus?

A

It is to modify, sort and then package the proteins for secretion

58
Q

What is the role of lysosomes in the eukaryotic cell?

A

It is a garbage disposal. It contains digestive enzymes, therefore it digest invaders and either recycle or dispose from them.
Lyse = breakdown

59
Q

What are the functions of vacuoles?

A

They are known as the storage sacs where they store nutrients. It retains and degrades waste production accumulate poisonous materials. It also provides physical support to the cell and attract pollinators. It is common in plants.

60
Q

What is the role of cytoskeleton?

A

It’s to maintain the cell shape and is responsible for the cell movement. It also transport the organelles in the cell.

61
Q

What are the functions of cell walls?

A

It surrounds the plasma membrane and can be found in plants, fundi and many protist. It provides mechanical support and reduce the mobility of the cell. In plant cell, it mainly consists of cellulose. Fungal cell walls mainly consist of chitin.

62
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

It is where the cellular respiration happens. It breaks down glucose to generate ATP.

63
Q

What are the functions of chloroplast?

A

It is where photosynthesis happen. It creates organic molecules using light energy. High energy is converted into chemical energy of food molecules. There are also chlorophyll, green pigments.

64
Q

What are some common features of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

They both derives from endosymbiosis. It has a double membranes and contain circular DNA. Both also produce chemical energy, one ATP and the other one sugar.

65
Q

What is the role of plasma membrane?

A

It is the receptor, recognition, transport and the membrane of protein. The protein is catalyzed with the help of enzyme to make it faster.
Receptor and recognition are communication. It produces carbohydrates.

65
Q

What is the role of plasma membrane?

A

It is the receptor, recognition, transport and the membrane of protein. The protein is catalyzed with the help of enzyme to make it faster.
Receptor and recognition are communication. It produces carbohydrates.

66
Q

What is cystic fribosis?

A

In is an inherited disease which is directly related to cell’s plasma membrane. The transmembrane protein - protein that controls flow of chloride ions in and out in lungs and digestive - is defective

67
Q

What are the 2 different types of transport not requiring vesicles to move across the plasma membrane?

A
  1. Passive Transport

2. Active transport

68
Q

What is the diffusion law?

A

It is when there is a difference in concentration (concentration gradient), then the solutes move from the high concentration

69
Q

What is passive transport?

A

It is when the molecule passes from a higher to a lower It has 2 types of diffusion: simple and facilitated. No energy is needed in this process.

70
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

It is when it moves according to the concentration gradient and small molecules, non-polar and hydrophobic molecules passes without any channels. So O2, H2O, Co2, steroid hormones and hydrophobic molecules passes through.

71
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

It is when protein channels assist the movement of ions and other molecules to move according to the concentration gradient. There is also sugar and amino acid that passes.

72
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Occurs when the cell is exposed to impermeable solutes, such as sugar and salt
Solutes cannot move across the membrane, but water can
Water moves from the lower concentration of solution to the higher concentration of solution to equalize the concentration difference between the two compartments.
Cell burst open

73
Q

What are the different types of cells in solution?

A
  • Tonicity: relationship between concentration of solutes inside the cell and solutes outside the cell.
  • Isotonic: concentration of solutes outside the cell is equal to the concentration inside the cell
  • Hypotonic: Concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than the concentration inside the cell
  • Hypertonic: concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than inside.

BIOL 202 Midterm (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions