Scientific Revolution

Question 1

how did evidence become more important in the sci-rev?

Answer 1

previously ideas were just accepted from textbooks and well respected figures, but now evidence and proof became far more important in new ideas

Question 2

why did scientists design experiments?

Answer 2

• to establish new discoveries

- proof was essential in order for their idea to be accepted and respected

Question 3

give an example of Isaac Newton doing an experiment?

Answer 3

• 1675 - royal society in London
• tested his theory of light, specifically of refraction
• used a glass prism

Question 4

what became increasingly common over 17th C?

Answer 4

patronage of mathematicians and natural philosophers

Question 5

how would patrons help scientists?

Answer 5

they would fund experiments/research

Question 6

why were patrons needed?

Answer 6

17th C universities offered no support for those who were interested in new experimental nature

Question 7

what did Galileo do?

Answer 7

• jan 1610 - used telescope to observe that Jupiter had 4 moons
• published findings in book called Siderius Nuncius
• named moons ‘Medicean starts’ after Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo de Medici
• sought out technological refinement of telescopes

Question 8

what role did Universities play in sci-rev?

Answer 8

still remained central place of learning and research

Question 9

what were universities particularly valuable for?

Answer 9

• study of medicine
• e.g. study of anatomy only really available at universities
• anatomy theatres built there

Question 10

what were universities often the site for? why were these important?

Answer 10

• botanical gardens

- centralised site where people could discuss ideas

Question 11

how did new world affect sci-rev?

Answer 11

discovery of new world expo did European world both intellectually and logistically

Question 12

what problem did new world raise?

Answer 12

whether old framework represented by classical texts was still appropriate

Question 13

what did the expansion of world stimulate?

Answer 13

• development of research

- research was intimately connected to the idea of discovery

Question 14

what did Athanasius Kircher do?

Answer 14

• produced the first map depicting the world’s oceans currents
• made use of jesuit networks for his research

Question 15

when were Coperncius findings published?

Answer 15

1543 - 1yr after his death

Question 16

what were Copernicus findings?

Answer 16

• sun at centre of the universe

- earth + planets orbit it

Question 17

what was Copernicus’s book called?

Answer 17

on the revolutionary of the Celestial spheres

Question 18

what was the traditional view about the planets?

Answer 18

• everything orbits the earth

- based on Ptolemy’s views and derived from Aristotle’s work

Question 19

what did William Harvey discover? when did he discover it?

Answer 19

• circulation of blood
• 1628
• ‘anatomical exercise on the motions of the heart and blood in animals’

Question 20

what was Harvey’s argument?

Answer 20

• argued human heart serves to pump blood around entire body continuously
• arterial and venous system were 2 components of one larger circulatory system
• previously thought there were 2 separate circuits

Question 21

how did Harvey prove his theory?

Answer 21

by experimenting on several animals and humans

Question 22

what happened to Isaac Newton in 1703?

Answer 22

made president of royal society

Question 23

how did newton contribute to maths ?

Answer 23

• contributed to several new theories and methods

- e.g. differential calculus

Question 24

what physics breakthrough did Newton make?

Answer 24

• solved gravity puzzle
• 1687 ‘mathematical principles of natural philosophy’
• based on experimental observation
• 3 laws of motion

Question 25

when was the term ‘scientific revolution’ coined?

Answer 25

1940s

Question 26

how did original historians see the sci-rev?

Answer 26

• dramatic change in way europeans understood the physical world
• change manifested itself in the way people were thinking about nature
• viewed as an evident and clear break from the past

Question 27

what did Herbert Butterfield argue?

Answer 27

• scientific developments in 17th C were basis of modern science
• referred to Francis Bacon as ‘father of science’

Question 28

what have critics argued about the sci-rev?

Answer 28

there was no such thing as it is a misleading term

Question 29

what did Steven shapin argue?

Answer 29

‘there was no such thing as the scientific revolution

Question 30

what did John Henry argue?

Answer 30

• no single coherent cultural entity called science underwent revolutionary change in 16th and 17th C
• notion of science only emerged after 1800 - known an natural philosophy before

Question 31

what did David wooden argue about sci-rev?

Answer 31

there definitely was a sci-rev

Question 32

what did David wooden argue about modern science?

Answer 32

• modern science invented between 1572 and 1704

- when Tycho Brahe saw a new star and when newton published his book optics

Question 33

what did David wooden argue about astronomy?

Answer 33

astronomy was transformed in the year after 1572 into the first true science