Christian encounters with Jews and Muslims

Question 1

when were jews expelled from various countries in europe?

Answer 1

England - 1290
france - 1394
spain - 1492
Portugal - 1497
Germany from 1520s

Question 2

what is the difference between tolerance and toleration?

Answer 2

• tolerance = principled and enduring

- toleration = pragmatic and contingent

Question 3

why did christians attack jewish culture?

Answer 3

because they were scared of it

Question 4

what was the blood libel?

Answer 4

the belief that jews were murdering Christian children because they wanted their blood for their rituals

Question 5

when was the myth of ritual murder first created?

Answer 5

in 1149 in England by Thomas of Monmouth in the murder of William of Norwich

Question 6

what did Germans believe about Jews?

Answer 6

jews killed christian children so they could paint their dead in Christian blood so that god would be more lenient when it came to the last judgement

Question 7

what did the German belief in ritual murder mean for the jews?

Answer 7

jews often falsely accused of murders, and often tortured or imprisoned, leading them to falsely confess

Question 8

when was the edict of expulsion of jews issued in spain?

Answer 8

30 march 1492

Question 9

how many jews were in spain at the time of expulsion?

Answer 9

80,000

Question 10

how many jews in spain converted?

Answer 10

40-50,000

Question 11

of the jews that chose to leave, how many returned?

Answer 11

90% of those who chose to leave, returned between 1493-99

Question 12

when was edict of expulsion of moors in Castile issued?

Answer 12

12 feb 1502

Question 13

when were aragonese moors made to convert?

Answer 13

1526

Question 14

when were Moriscos formally expelled from Spain ? how many had to leave?

Answer 14

• 4 April 1609

- around 300,000 forced to leave

Question 15

what happened in the town of Litmischel in 1574?

Answer 15

• two women charged of stealing 7yr old girl
• claimed under judicial torutre that Jews had commissioned it in order to get a victim for ritual murder during Passover
• led to two jews, after extreme torture, being forced to confess and then being executed

Question 16

why were Muslims expelled in 1502?

Answer 16

seemed natural conclusion following the completion fo the reconquista

Question 17

were Moriscos in spain properly converted?

Answer 17

no - Charles made financial deals with Moriscos

Question 18

what evidence shows Moriscos weren’t truly converted?

Answer 18

1568-70 morisco rebellion

Question 19

what was taqiya?

Answer 19

muslims were able to use the doctrine of taqiya to act outwardly as a Christian as long as in private they remained faithful to Islam

Question 20

what deal did Charles make with the Granadine Moriscos?

Answer 20

1526 - agreed to minimal vigilance from IQ in return for 90,000 ducats over 6yrs

Question 21

what deal did Charles make with the Valencian Moriscos?

Answer 21

1526 - moriscos in valencia granted 40yr period of grace from IQ in return for 40,000 ducats

Question 22

what kind of reputation did the Spanish IQ have?

Answer 22

• being intrusive and brutal

- paid a lot of attention into how people expressed their beliefs and carried out eerie daily lives

Question 23

who did Spanish IQ initially focus on and why?

Answer 23

• conversos

- wanted to see if they had truly converted

Question 24

how did Portuguese IQ persecute conversos?

Answer 24

• conversos systematically persecuted often with the crime of judaism
• confessions would be gathered via torture and imprisonment

Question 25

what did Italian IQ focus on?

Answer 25

more upon education rather than persecution

Question 26

what did Italian IQ set up?

Answer 26

lots of educational institutions - people would learn about the religion they were about to convert to

Question 27

in tribunals of Barcelona and valencia, between 1484 and 1530, what % of victims were conversos?

Answer 27

90%

Question 28

between 1480-1530, what % if of IQ victims died?

Answer 28

75%

Question 29

who was Diego Rodriguez Luvero?

Answer 29

• inquisitor in Cordoba

- sentenced 134 people to death over 6 month period between 1504-05

Question 30

what did bishops in Portugal do to jews?

Answer 30

• 1520 bishops of Algarve and Fuchal
• refused to condemn converted Jews who had been put under their care due to fact they did not see them as christians but as jews

Question 31

how many Moriscos did the Valencian tribunal bring to trial between 1540-49? how did this change?

Answer 31

• 82 moriscos to trial

- increased to 2500 between 1560-1614

Question 32

what did jews and muslims have to wear in many societies?

Answer 32

special signs denoting their religion

Question 33

when was the first ghetto established?

Answer 33

29 march 1516 in Venice

Question 34

why were jews tolerated in Venice?

Answer 34

they could play the role of moneylenders and thus provide christians with loans due to their religion

Question 35

how were jews in restricted in the Ghettos?

Answer 35

• only allowed out of ghetto in daylight
• can only do certain jobs
• not good living conditions

Question 36

what did Robert bonfil argue about 1492 expulsion of Jews?

Answer 36

marked a turning point in the treatment of Jews as it marked the end of convivencia

Question 37

what did Robert Bonfil argue about first ghetto in Venice?

Answer 37

it was a positive step for the Venetian jews as previously they had been repeatedly been restricted from finding a permanent place to live in the city