Christian encounters with Jews and Muslims Flashcards
when were jews expelled from various countries in europe?
England - 1290 france - 1394 spain - 1492 Portugal - 1497 Germany from 1520s
what is the difference between tolerance and toleration?
- tolerance = principled and enduring
- toleration = pragmatic and contingent
why did christians attack jewish culture?
because they were scared of it
what was the blood libel?
the belief that jews were murdering Christian children because they wanted their blood for their rituals
when was the myth of ritual murder first created?
in 1149 in England by Thomas of Monmouth in the murder of William of Norwich
what did Germans believe about Jews?
jews killed christian children so they could paint their dead in Christian blood so that god would be more lenient when it came to the last judgement
what did the German belief in ritual murder mean for the jews?
jews often falsely accused of murders, and often tortured or imprisoned, leading them to falsely confess
when was the edict of expulsion of jews issued in spain?
30 march 1492
how many jews were in spain at the time of expulsion?
80,000
how many jews in spain converted?
40-50,000
of the jews that chose to leave, how many returned?
90% of those who chose to leave, returned between 1493-99
when was edict of expulsion of moors in Castile issued?
12 feb 1502
when were aragonese moors made to convert?
1526
when were Moriscos formally expelled from Spain ? how many had to leave?
- 4 April 1609
- around 300,000 forced to leave
what happened in the town of Litmischel in 1574?
- two women charged of stealing 7yr old girl
- claimed under judicial torutre that Jews had commissioned it in order to get a victim for ritual murder during Passover
- led to two jews, after extreme torture, being forced to confess and then being executed
why were Muslims expelled in 1502?
seemed natural conclusion following the completion fo the reconquista
were Moriscos in spain properly converted?
no - Charles made financial deals with Moriscos
what evidence shows Moriscos weren’t truly converted?
1568-70 morisco rebellion
what was taqiya?
muslims were able to use the doctrine of taqiya to act outwardly as a Christian as long as in private they remained faithful to Islam
what deal did Charles make with the Granadine Moriscos?
1526 - agreed to minimal vigilance from IQ in return for 90,000 ducats over 6yrs
what deal did Charles make with the Valencian Moriscos?
1526 - moriscos in valencia granted 40yr period of grace from IQ in return for 40,000 ducats
what kind of reputation did the Spanish IQ have?
- being intrusive and brutal
- paid a lot of attention into how people expressed their beliefs and carried out eerie daily lives
who did Spanish IQ initially focus on and why?
- conversos
- wanted to see if they had truly converted
how did Portuguese IQ persecute conversos?
- conversos systematically persecuted often with the crime of judaism
- confessions would be gathered via torture and imprisonment
what did Italian IQ focus on?
more upon education rather than persecution
what did Italian IQ set up?
lots of educational institutions - people would learn about the religion they were about to convert to
in tribunals of Barcelona and valencia, between 1484 and 1530, what % of victims were conversos?
90%
between 1480-1530, what % if of IQ victims died?
75%
who was Diego Rodriguez Luvero?
- inquisitor in Cordoba
- sentenced 134 people to death over 6 month period between 1504-05
what did bishops in Portugal do to jews?
- 1520 bishops of Algarve and Fuchal
- refused to condemn converted Jews who had been put under their care due to fact they did not see them as christians but as jews
how many Moriscos did the Valencian tribunal bring to trial between 1540-49? how did this change?
- 82 moriscos to trial
- increased to 2500 between 1560-1614
what did jews and muslims have to wear in many societies?
special signs denoting their religion
when was the first ghetto established?
29 march 1516 in Venice
why were jews tolerated in Venice?
they could play the role of moneylenders and thus provide christians with loans due to their religion
how were jews in restricted in the Ghettos?
- only allowed out of ghetto in daylight
- can only do certain jobs
- not good living conditions
what did Robert bonfil argue about 1492 expulsion of Jews?
marked a turning point in the treatment of Jews as it marked the end of convivencia
what did Robert Bonfil argue about first ghetto in Venice?
it was a positive step for the Venetian jews as previously they had been repeatedly been restricted from finding a permanent place to live in the city
