Catholicism Flashcards
why was council of Trent called?
- secular catholic leaders feared disorder and disunity due to growing popularity of Lutheranism
- saw religious hegemony as a way of keeping crown authority
- led to calls for papacy to act more effectively
when was council of trent? how many sittings were there?
13th Dec 1545 - 3 sittings
what was the first sitting of council of trent aimed at?
combatting heresy and defining catholic principles clearly
what catholic principles did trent define?
- authority of tradition
- validity of good works
- transubstantiation - during mass, material features remain, but their essence becomes the body and blood of christ
- authenticity of 7 sacraments
what was the second sitting of council of trent aimed at?
- internal reform
- e.g. every bishopric ordered to establish seminary for training priests
- bishops had to live in their diocese
what was the third sitting of council of trent aimed at?
confirming index of prohibited books
why were new religious orders made?
to enforce tridentine decrees
who were the Lazarists?
- reformed branch of Franciscans
- founded by Vincent de Paul
what did Lazarists do?
- went on mission in rural France and Italy
- dramatic processions, religious plays and emotional preaching
when were jesuits formed? when did they receive papal approval?
- formed in 1534 by Igantius Loyola
- received papal approval in 1540
how many members did Jesuits have by 1556?
1000 members
in what area were jesuits particularly influential?
education
when was the first jesuit school opened? how did they grow?
- 1548 first opened
- 370 schools by 1615
what did jesuit schools do?
- provided free education to the poor
- also educated the elites
why did jesuits use shock tactics?
to make a lasting impact with the intensity of what they did?
what were some of the shock tactics used by Jesuits?
- walking barefoot
- wrapping iron chains around the ankles
- wearing crown thorns
- carrying large wooden crosses
- placing heavy stones on the head
give an example of a shock tactic used by jesuits on a mission?
- mission to Julich in May 1715
- one jesuit was said to have held his hand in the flames of a torch for longer than the time it took to say our father
when did Francis Xavier arrive in India?
1542
what did Alessandro Valignano do in 1574?
settled in Goa - became centre of Asian mission
what did Franciscans do in 1500?
- arrived in the Caribbean
- soon followed by Dominicans and Augustinians
- undertook evangelism of the Americas
what privileges were members of orders granted? why?
- administering the sacraments w/o bishops
- due to shortage of priests
what did orders seek to do in Mexico and Peru?
root out native practices
what did most people practise in Mexico and Peru?
- syncretic Christianity
- mix of catholicism and native practises
why was there no native priesthood?
europeans wouldn’t let native be priests
by 1550, how many Americans had been baptised?
10 million
when did Francis Xavier arrive in Japan?
1549 - sent enthusiastic letters about civilised people there
who was the main preacher in china?
Mateo ricci
when was christianity officially recognised in china?
1692
how many Chinese converts were there by end of 17th C?
200,00 - 500,000
