Catholicism

Question 1

why was council of Trent called?

Answer 1

• secular catholic leaders feared disorder and disunity due to growing popularity of Lutheranism
• saw religious hegemony as a way of keeping crown authority
• led to calls for papacy to act more effectively

Question 2

when was council of trent? how many sittings were there?

Answer 2

13th Dec 1545 - 3 sittings

Question 3

what was the first sitting of council of trent aimed at?

Answer 3

combatting heresy and defining catholic principles clearly

Question 4

what catholic principles did trent define?

Answer 4

• authority of tradition
• validity of good works
• transubstantiation - during mass, material features remain, but their essence becomes the body and blood of christ
• authenticity of 7 sacraments

Question 5

what was the second sitting of council of trent aimed at?

Answer 5

• internal reform
• e.g. every bishopric ordered to establish seminary for training priests
• bishops had to live in their diocese

Question 6

what was the third sitting of council of trent aimed at?

Answer 6

confirming index of prohibited books

Question 7

why were new religious orders made?

Answer 7

to enforce tridentine decrees

Question 8

who were the Lazarists?

Answer 8

• reformed branch of Franciscans

- founded by Vincent de Paul

Question 9

what did Lazarists do?

Answer 9

• went on mission in rural France and Italy

- dramatic processions, religious plays and emotional preaching

Question 10

when were jesuits formed? when did they receive papal approval?

Answer 10

• formed in 1534 by Igantius Loyola

- received papal approval in 1540

Question 11

how many members did Jesuits have by 1556?

Answer 11

1000 members

Question 12

in what area were jesuits particularly influential?

Answer 12

education

Question 13

when was the first jesuit school opened? how did they grow?

Answer 13

• 1548 first opened

- 370 schools by 1615

Question 14

what did jesuit schools do?

Answer 14

• provided free education to the poor

- also educated the elites

Question 15

why did jesuits use shock tactics?

Answer 15

to make a lasting impact with the intensity of what they did?

Question 16

what were some of the shock tactics used by Jesuits?

Answer 16

• walking barefoot
• wrapping iron chains around the ankles
• wearing crown thorns
• carrying large wooden crosses
• placing heavy stones on the head

Question 17

give an example of a shock tactic used by jesuits on a mission?

Answer 17

• mission to Julich in May 1715

- one jesuit was said to have held his hand in the flames of a torch for longer than the time it took to say our father

Question 18

when did Francis Xavier arrive in India?

Answer 18

1542

Question 19

what did Alessandro Valignano do in 1574?

Answer 19

settled in Goa - became centre of Asian mission

Question 20

what did Franciscans do in 1500?

Answer 20

• arrived in the Caribbean
• soon followed by Dominicans and Augustinians
• undertook evangelism of the Americas

Question 21

what privileges were members of orders granted? why?

Answer 21

• administering the sacraments w/o bishops

- due to shortage of priests

Question 22

what did orders seek to do in Mexico and Peru?

Answer 22

root out native practices

Question 23

what did most people practise in Mexico and Peru?

Answer 23

• syncretic Christianity

- mix of catholicism and native practises

Question 24

why was there no native priesthood?

Answer 24

europeans wouldn’t let native be priests

Question 25

by 1550, how many Americans had been baptised?

Answer 25

10 million

Question 26

when did Francis Xavier arrive in Japan?

Answer 26

1549 - sent enthusiastic letters about civilised people there

Question 27

who was the main preacher in china?

Answer 27

Mateo ricci

Question 28

when was christianity officially recognised in china?

Answer 28

1692

Question 29

how many Chinese converts were there by end of 17th C?

Answer 29

200,00 - 500,000