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10th Grade History Midterm > Scientific Revolution > Flashcards

Scientific Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Main Idea

A

mid 1500s, scientists began to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation

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2
Q

Relevance

A

Scientists questioning led to development of today’s scientific method

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3
Q

Common sense

A

Make assumptions based on non-scientific observations; in use by most of society in medieval times

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4
Q

What theory was originally accepted? Who backed it?

A

The Geocentric theory. The church.

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5
Q

Geocentric theory

A

Sun (and universe) revolves around earth (decided thru common sense.)

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6
Q

Who developed and expanded the geocentric theory?

A

Aristotle in 4th c BCE, Ptolemy in 2nd century CE

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7
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

1550-1700 CE; new way of thinking about natural world based on careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs

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8
Q

What caused the Scientific Revolution?

A

European scholars and explorers and the printing press

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9
Q

How did scholarly works cause the Scientific Revolution?

A

European scholars translated many scientific works by Muslim scholars and uncovered many classical works from the Renaissance.

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10
Q

How did European explorers traveling to new lands cause the Scientific Revolution?

A

Needed better navigational instruments and measurements to travel to new lands?

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11
Q

How did the printing press cause the Scientific Revolution?

A

Helped spread knowledge and challenging ideas

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12
Q

Who developed the heliocentric theory? Who contributed? How so?

A

Nicolaus Copernicus. Tycho Brahe recorded planetary movements and reasoned that Copernicus was correct. Johannes Kepler mathematically demonstrated Copernicus’s correctness.

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13
Q

What additional discovery did Kepler make?

A

The elliptical orbit of planets around the sun.

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14
Q

What was the belief that the universe was limited to?

A

The solar system

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15
Q

Heliocentric theory

A

universe (solar system) revolves around sun (mostly correct)

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16
Q

What did the geocentric theory believe about the movement of the Earth?

A

At the center=no movement whatsoever

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17
Q

What did Galileo build that assisted his discoveries?

A

His own telescope

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18
Q

What did Galileo disprove? (Bit of an unfair q)

A

Number of accepted Aristotelian theories

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19
Q

What did Galileo discover with his telescope?

A

Sunspots, craters on our moon, four moons of Jupiter, phases of Venus

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20
Q

Did Galileo invent the telescope?

A

No (improved it.)

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21
Q

What did Galileo’s discovery of Jupiter’s moons prove?

A

Not everything orbits the Earth (they orbit Jupiter, so there are spheres in space that orbit other things.)

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22
Q

What did Galileo’s discovery of the phases of Venus (like the moon’s) mean?

A

The sun was the stabilized sphere in the universe (solar system) or else there would be no phases on Venus.

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23
Q

Why did the heliocentric theory scare Europeans so much?

A

church teachings were the basis of many beliefs in Europe. If they’re wrong about this, what else?

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24
Q

Why did Galileo’s findings tick off the church?

A

They went against church authority and teaching

25
Q

How did the Catholic church initially act against Galileo? What year?

A

1616 they warned him to stop defending Copernicus’s ideas

26
Q

How did Galileo act when warned by the church? What year?

A

1632 he published a book supporting the Copernican theory

27
Q

What did Galileo do a year after publishing a book?

A

recanted his beliefs

28
Q

What did the scientific method result from? Who advanced it?

A

Work of Copernicus/Kepler/Galileo. Francis Bacon/Rene Descartes.

29
Q

What did Bacon and Descartes believe?

A

Scientists needed to reject old assumptions and teachings

30
Q

How did Bacon approach the issue?

A

Gain knowledge thru experimentation and observation

31
Q

How did Descartes approach the issue?

A

Gain knowledge thru reason (everything should be doubted until proven by reason.)

32
Q

Descartes’ famous quote

A

I think, therefore I am.

33
Q

Who stopped Galileo from continuing?

A

Pope Urban VIII

34
Q

What buzz word applies to Galileo stating he wants men to use their eyes?

A

Observation

35
Q

What is ironic about Galileo’s daughter?

A

He was a faithful Catholic and gave her up to the church as a nun even though he challenged the church’s beliefs (and she was born of wedlock)

36
Q

What actions and ideas that Galileo has done does Galileo’s indictment accuse of being wrong?

A

Holding something ‘false’ to be true that goes against the truth of Scripture.

37
Q

Why, according to the indictment, are the actions and ideas wrong?

A

They mess up the belief of other Catholics and cause ‘mischief.’

38
Q

What are the consequences of Galileo’s actions and ideas?

A

He has to renounce it and he’ll be absolved.

39
Q

What does Pascal say about public opinion?

A

It’s king of the world.

40
Q

What three laws does John Locke hold man subject to? (Quote.)

A

“Man is subject to three laws: the divine law, civil law, and most importantly, the law of opinion.”

41
Q

Explain Descartes’ quote according to his approach of proving with reason.

A

I think, therefore I am. Cogito Ergo Sum. Thinking about one’s existence proves in and of itself that an “I” exists to do that thinking.

42
Q

What was the concept of Old Science?

A

Scholars generally relied on ancient authorities, (like Aristotle,) church teachings, and “common sense,” to explain the physical world.

43
Q

What was the concept of New Science?

A

Scholars begin to use observation, experimentation, and scientific reasoning to gather knowledge and draw conclusions about the physical world.

44
Q

What concept did Sir Isaac Newton introduce?

A

His Three Laws of Motion

45
Q

Newton’s First Law of Motion

A

An object at rest will remain so unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted on by an unbalanced force.

46
Q

Another name for Newton’s first law of motion

A

Law of Inertia

47
Q

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

A

Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass of the object being accelerated the greater the amount of force needed.

48
Q

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

49
Q

What are tides a result of?

A

Moon’s gravity acting on water of oceans.

50
Q

What did the law of gravity explain?

A

Explained how planets stayed in their orbits.

51
Q

What did the law of gravity provide?

A

Definitive mathematical support for the Copernican system and a foundation for Einstein’s later discoveries.

52
Q

Belief of deists

A

God made the world, but then walked away

53
Q

What does Newton believe is the very first cause of everything?

A

God

54
Q

Galen/limitations of Galen

A

ancient authority relied on by medieval physicians. Limitations-limited knowledge of human anatomy.

55
Q

Andeas Vesalius

A

1543 published On the Structure of Human Body, first accurate and detailed study of human body. Corrected ancient errors.

56
Q

Ambroise Pare

A

French physician who developed a more effective ointment for preventing infection and a technique for closing wounds with stitches

57
Q

William Harvey

A

Early 1600s English scholar who first described circulation

58
Q

Leonardo Da Vinci

A

Renaissance artist who drew human anatomy fairly correctly

10th Grade History Midterm (4 decks)

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