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10th Grade History Midterm > Enlightenment > Flashcards

Enlightenment Flashcards

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1
Q

Main Idea

A

a revolution in intellectual activity in the 1700s, changed Europeans’ view of the government and society

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2
Q

Relevance

A

freedoms and some forms of government in many countries today are a result of enlightenment thinking

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3
Q

Enlightenment supreme quality

A

reliance on reason

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4
Q

Use reason to solve problems→

A

better humanity and progress civilization

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5
Q

What did the enlightenment pave the way for?

A

French Revolution

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6
Q

How was the enlightenment named?

A

given the name because an influential group of people used rational thought to rid the world of ignorance

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7
Q

Literal definition enlightenment

A

“a time of illumination”

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8
Q

What concepts did the enlightenment rely on?

A

Used mathematics and science

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9
Q

Natural laws

A

body of unchanging moral principles regarded as a basis for all human conduct
Laws that govern human nature

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10
Q

What did the enlightenment believe on religion?

A

Religion, tradition, and superstition limited thoughtAccept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason. NOT faith
Scientific and academic thoughts should be mostly or even completely secular

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11
Q

The philosophes

A

middle class and upper class thinkers, scientists, and artist who gather in French salons to discuss ideas on how to improve society

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12
Q

5 ideas of philosophes

A

Reason: rational thinking; being guided by the intellect
Nature: natural laws are the answer to all of the society’s ills
Happiness: well being on earth, not in the afterlife
Progress: move towards creating a perfect society
Liberty: freedom for all

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13
Q

Voltaire was against what? What did he write and what writing mechanism would he use?

A

against Christianity (and general organized religion and fanaticism) would target clergy, aristocracy, govt
Write treatise on toleration
used satire against his opponents

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14
Q

Baron de Montesquieu

A

proposes that you shouldn’t put all your hope or resources into one thing because if it doesn’t work out you’ll lose everything
Says the king should have restrictions (believes like Locke that they should have limits)
Three branches of govt-he called it separation of govt in his book the spirit of laws, warned of otherwise tyranny

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15
Q

Why did Voltaire hate Christianity?

A

Mid 18th c man who converted to Protestant from catholic in France and his father was
pissed and later got murdered and son was blamed and executed even though everyone knew son was innocent cause
France was Catholic and persecuted Protestant

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16
Q

Meaning of philosophes

A

lovers of wisdom

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17
Q

How did Hobbes describe life? humanity? Where?

A

In his book Leviathan, he described life as nasty, brutish, short and and humanity as depraved. discusses bystanders, Without government to keep order→ “war of every man against every man”

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18
Q

Satire

A

-literary work ridiculing its subject to make a comment or criticism about it
Although usually witty and funny, form of satire is to criticize to shame someone or something into reform. Usually has definite target, such as person, group, idea, attitude, institution or social practice.

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19
Q

Hobbes-absolute monarchy

A

Hobbes believed this would impose order and compel obedience. Because people are so bad they need something powerful to keep them under control, and a king or queen will
Needs to have absolute authority and absolute power to compel people to not kill or steal or hurt others

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20
Q

Hobbes social contract

A

An agreement by which they give up the state of nature for an organized society
Giving up their freedom for the monarch because otherwise it would be absolute chaos
In order to avoid chaos, we make the leviathan the monarch
If we break a law we are giving permission to the king to lock us up

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21
Q

John Locke-Natural rights? In what piece?

A

human beings are essentially good
People born free and equal with 3 neutral rights
Right to life, liberty, and property
Don’t need a monarch but we need a government with limited power, must receive the consent of the governed to be just
If government fails obligations or violates people’s rights the people can overthrow the government
Two treaties of govt=his book

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22
Q

Important similarity between scientists of scientific revolution and philosophers of
enlightenment

A

reason and understanding

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23
Q

How did Renaissance and reformation influence the enlightenment

A

with their increased awareness of their own intelligence

and power as individuals

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24
Q

Similarity between early christian beliefs and ideas of enlightenment

A

Belief in God

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25
Q

What old idea especially clashed with the Enlightenment idea?

A

Divine right of kings to rule

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26
Q

old v. new idea: monarchy

A

Old idea:
A monarch’s rule is justified by divine right
New idea:
A government’s power comes from the content of the government

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27
Q

What is recalled by Locke’s favoring constitutional monarchy?

A

English baron’s forcing acceptance of the Magna Carta on King John in 1215.

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28
Q

Magna Carta

A

charter (favored nobles, but did establish idea of rights and liberties that needed respect)

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29
Q

What famous historical document did Locke inspire?

A

Jefferson inspired by Locke→ declaration of independence

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30
Q

Voltaire quotes

A

“To learn who rules over you, simply find out who you are not allowed to criticize”

“I may not agree with what to have to say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”

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31
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

“man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains”
Government freely formed by the people and buried by the “general will” of society
Direct democracy

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32
Q

What was Montesquieu’s ideas a basis for?

A

US constitution

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33
Q

Cesare Beccaria

A

laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes
Railed against common abuses of justice
Argued that people should receive speedy trials
anti-torture

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34
Q

What mistakenly inspired M?

A

British govt

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35
Q

What did Voltaire mainly defend?

A

freedom of thought

36
Q

Main points of R’s social contract

A

General rule=best conscience of the people
the good of the whole placed above individual concerns
individual subordinate to community-rulers servants of community. If ruler fails to reflect general rule, remove them.

37
Q

What does R mean, born free but in chains

A

As we became civilized the strongest among them forced everyone to obey unjust laws, destroying freedom and equality.

38
Q

Which philosophe was very anti torture?

A

Beccaria

39
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

Wrote the vindication of the rights of women in 1792. not extreme. Very pro women’s education. not asking for role reversal, only equality. advocated for a revolution of female manners.

40
Q

Who organized the salons?

A

Salons are organized by well-born women

41
Q

How did Montesquieu influence today’s govt?

A

Founding fathers of this country applied this to our country through checks and balances and the three branch system

42
Q

Quote relating to M

A

Don’t put all the power in one person or he might break you

43
Q

Major Ideas of Enlightenment-Locke + impact

A

natural rights. Fundamental to declaration of independence.

44
Q

Major Ideas of Enlightenment-M + impact

A

Separation of powers. France, US, Latin American nations use separation of powers in constitutions.

45
Q

Major Ideas of Enlightenment-Voltaire1 + impact

A

freedom of speech. Guaranteed in US Bill of Rights and French declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

46
Q

Major Ideas of Enlightenment-Voltaire2 + impact

A

Religious freedom. Guaranteed in US Bill of Rights and French declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

47
Q

Major Ideas of Enlightenment-Beccaria + impact

A

Abolish torture. Guaranteed in US Bill of Rights; torture reduced or outlawed in European nations and Americas.

48
Q

Major Ideas of Enlightenment-Wollstonecraft + impact

A

Women’s equality. Women’s rights groups form in Europe and North America.

49
Q

What would happen to philosophes with strong views?

A

They were thrown in jail/exiled.

50
Q

What happened in France as a result of the philosophe views getting them in trouble?

A

Became illegal to criticize Church/govt.

51
Q

What happened despite the trouble with the philosophe views?

A

Enlightenment ideas began to spread throughout Europe.

52
Q

What was the fundamental idea of Diderot’s book? What was it called and in what year was it published?

A

The Encyclopedia (1751) would bring together all the most current and enlightened thinking about science, tech, art, and govt.

53
Q

What angered the French govt and Church in Diderot’s book?

A

Enlightenment views expressed in the volumes

54
Q

How did Diderot respond to the French govt and Church’s anger?

A

He pressed on and new volumes were published until 1772

55
Q

Denis Diderot’s quote on freedom of man

A

“Man will never be free until the last king is strangled with the entrails of the last priest.”

56
Q

What was Diderot known for? What was he NOT known for?

A

He was known for his vision and encyclopedia, NOT a specific view.

57
Q

What did Diderot really do for the book?

A

Compile it

58
Q

What famous list did the Encyclopedia make its way onto?

A

The Index Librorum Prohibitorum

59
Q

What happened to Diderot?

A

Many dropped out of his book out of fear and he was imprisoned when the king censors noticed his work

60
Q

According to D, where did knowledge come from? What was his idea?

A

From the senses, not heavenly revelation. Bring together finest minds of day and produce books including powerful ideas.

61
Q

How did the Encyclopedia gentrify/give attention to the everyday craftsman?

A

It put craftsmen in the spotlight, when previously only aristocrats/priests were.

62
Q

How did Diderot outwit/attack church censors?

A

Below religion is black magic as cross-references.

63
Q

Voltaire’s reaction to Diderot’s work

A

Called him the modern Socrates

64
Q

Why was buying a book risky business @ the time? How did D react to that prevailing sentiment?

A

Many books were banned and would get you in trouble. He replied with “A book banned is a book read.”

65
Q

What “friend in high places” was painted w Diderot’s book?

A

Madame de Pompadour

66
Q

Quote explaining Diderot’s chill reaction to banning of his book

A

“Forbidden fruit is sweet.”

67
Q

How did the pope react to the publishing of the encyclopedia?

A

He condemned it, ordered it burned, threatened hell fire.

68
Q

What style dominated European art in the 1600s and 1700s?

A

baroque

69
Q

What was reflected in the arts of the enlightenment?

A

Enlightenment ideals of order and reason-music/lit/painting/architecture

70
Q

neoclassical architecture

A

simpler, elegant, clean, uncluttered, borrowed ideas and themes from the classical world (greece/rome)

71
Q

two types of art/architecture

A

baroque and neoclassical

72
Q

baroque architecture

A

found in churches and palaces, grand, ornate, elaborate ornamentation

73
Q

Baroque art

A

age of faith-church, biblical, dramatic composition, beautiful details, emotionally charged subject matter to give viewers intense visual experience

74
Q

neoclassical art

A

well-delineated form, clear drawing (considered more important than painting,) surface perfectly smooth (no brush stroke evidence,) greek and roman inspired

75
Q

Hogarth

A

visual satirist painter, Marriage a la mode

76
Q

Marriage a la mode

A

series of paintings criticising aristocrats

77
Q

What did Voltaire write in 1759? Why?

A

Candide, to attack Optimism

78
Q

Optimism

A

philosophy that all was right w the world

79
Q

Study Marriage a la mode

A

The marriage settlement/the tete a tete

80
Q

Candide-Voltaire’s point

A

Christian missionaries are hypocritical in their treatment of slaves.

81
Q

How does Voltaire make his point in Candide?

A

By contrasting the brutality of slavery (having a hand cut off as punishment for getting blood in the sugar if you get your finger stuck; having a leg cut off for trying to run) with the missionaries empty words about all men being sons of Adam.

82
Q

What belief does Swift assert in Gulliver’s Travels?

A

That war and weapons are inhuman and we’ve become immune to it

83
Q

What is the reaction of the giant king of Brobdingnag to Gulliver’s description of instruments of war?

A

Horrified.

84
Q

Describe the characters in the marriage settlement

A

Narcissist-son. Indifferent. Black spot on his neck is a syphilis rash - Aristocrats like to sleep around. Freaking the girl out.
Squanderfield-Foot has gout from too much alcohol.
Girl-don’t make me marry him, lawyer calming her.

85
Q

Study tete a tete

A

K

86
Q

How do you know that Diderot didn’t approve of slavery?

A

He was pro liberty. “No man has received from nature the right to rule others.”

10th Grade History Midterm (4 decks)

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