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Scientific Revolution Flashcards

1
Q

It makes difficult and complicated tasks easier

A

THE EMERGENCE OF TECHNOLOGY

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2
Q

Women stayed close to the camp, often close to a body of water. They looked after the children and searched nearby woods and meadows for berries, nuts, and grains.

A

Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

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3
Q

Everyone worked to find food. Some scientists believe that equity existed between Paleolithic men and women.

A

Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

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4
Q

A man and a woman worked together to find food for themselves and their children, thus, the emergence of the first families.

A

Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

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5
Q

The earliest part of this period was the Paleolithic Age or the _____________.

A

Old Stone Age

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6
Q

Designation of tasks within groups.
Men – _______
Women – _______

A

hunting; gathering

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7
Q

______________ (caveman diet) – heavy on protein and low in carbs.

A

Paleo Diet

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8
Q

__________ people hunted buffalo, bison, wild goats, reindeer, and other animals, depending on where they lived.

A

Paleolithic

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9
Q

Current research indicates that two-thirds of the energy was derived from animal sources.

A

Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

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10
Q

Fished along rivers and coastal areas.

A

Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

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11
Q

______________ people survived by hunting and gathering. Gathered wild nuts, berries, fruits, wild grains, and green plants.

A

Paleolithic

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12
Q

The Paleolithic Age began about 2.5 million years ago and lasted until around ______________.

A

8000 B.C

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13
Q

Traveled in groups, or bands, of about 20 or 30 members.

A

Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

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14
Q

Nomadic group of people.

A

Surviving the Paleolithic Age

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15
Q

The Human Origins (6 to 2 MYA)

The __________________ refers to the remarkable and sudden emergence of language, consciousness and culture in our species, Homo sapiens.

A

Human Revolution

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16
Q

Large complex brains provided the capacity to make and use tools.

A

The Human Origins (6 to 2 MYA)

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17
Q

The Human Origins (6 to 2 MYA)

First humans emerged from __________, and lived simultaneously with other hominid species.

A

Africa

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18
Q

The Human Origins (6 to 2 MYA)

Historians call the early period of human history as the _____________.

A

Stone Age

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19
Q

Complete.

KEY HISTORICAL TRANSITIONS”
- Paleolithic Period
- ________________
- ______________________
- Industrial Revolution
- __________________

A

Neolithic Period;
Rise of Ancient Civilizations;
The Anthropocene

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20
Q

Developments in this field are not just products of one time thought process.

A

THE EMERGENCE OF TECHNOLOGY

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21
Q

Brought about gradual improvements to earlier works from different time periods.

A

THE EMERGENCE OF TECHNOLOGY

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22
Q

Communication and Arts

Development of spoken language.

A

Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

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23
Q

NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION (10,2000 BC and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC)

The wide-scale transition from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering and settlement.

A

First Agricultural Revolution

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24
Q

The _________ was a period in the development of human technology.

A

Neolithic

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25
Q

First tools made by humans:

Technology tools and methods to perform tasks were first used by __________________.

A

Paleolithic people

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26
Q

Flint technology was a major breakthrough for early people.

A

Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

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27
Q

These pieces had very sharp edges that could be used for cutting.

A

Flint

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28
Q

Before this time, sticks, stones, and tree branches served as tools. Later, people made devices from a hard stone called flint (hard, sedimentary crystalline form of the mineral quartz).

A

Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

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29
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Paleolithic people learned that by hitting a flint with another hard stone, the flint would flake into pieces.

A

TRUE

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30
Q

Later, people made devices from a hard stone called ________ (hard, sedimentary crystalline form of the mineral quartz).

A

flint

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31
Q

Over time, ________________ made better, more complex tools. Spears, bows, and arrows made killing large animals easier.

A

Paleolithic people

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32
Q

Sharp-edged tools to cut up plants and dig roots.
They used scraping tools to clean animals hids, which they used for clothing and shelter.

A

Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

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33
Q

Spears and fish hooks increased the number of fish caught.

A

Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

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34
Q

By the end of the ______________, people were making smaller and sharper tools.

A

Paleolithic Age

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35
Q

In very cold climates, some people made shelters from ice and snow. Many lived in caves.

A

Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

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36
Q

Humans learned to make their own shelters.
People constructed tents and huts of animal skins, brush, and wood.

A

Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

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37
Q

They crafted needles from animal bones to make nets and baskets and to sew hides together for clothing.

A

Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

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38
Q

Bone Needle

A

Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

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39
Q

-
-
-

A
  • Warmth
  • Cooked food
  • Meat that was smoked by fire could be stored.
  • Generating fire
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40
Q

In the Paleolithic Age, a certain stone, _________, gave off sparks when struck against another rock.

A

iron pyrite

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41
Q

Communication and Arts

The spoken language of early people was constantly growing and changing. Transfer of knowledge.

A

Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

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42
Q

Communication and Arts

During the Paleolithic Age, humans crushed yellow, black, and red rocks and combined them with ______________ to make their paints. Used twigs and their fingertips to apply these paintings to the rock walls.

A

animal fat

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43
Q

Communication and Arts

Cave paintings found all around the world.

A

Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

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44
Q

During the ___________, people lived in small tribes composed of families.

A

Neolithic age

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45
Q

Skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tools and ornaments, including projectile points, beads, and statues.

A

Neolithic age

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46
Q

The ___________________ allowed forest clearance on a large scale.

A

polished tone axe

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47
Q

An array of ___________ artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools.

A

Neolithic

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48
Q

Neolithic stone artifacts are by definition _________.

A

polished

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49
Q

Growth of Agriculture

Surpluses could be stored and traded.

A

Neolithic age

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50
Q

Sedentary farming populations grew faster than the nomadic.

A

Neolithic age

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51
Q

Agricultural life and afforded securities.

A

Neolithic age

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52
Q

Neolithic Society

The domestication of large animals resulted in a dramatic increase in ________________.

A

social inequality

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53
Q

Headed by a charism of tribal groups.

A

Neolithic age

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54
Q

Encouraged the growth of settlements.
Production of surplus crop yields.

A

Neolithic age

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55
Q

Reliance upon the foods produced from cultivated lands.

A

Neolithic age

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56
Q

The clothing of the Neolithic humans were made of _____________.

A

animal skins

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57
Q

Neolithic Society

The growth of agriculture made ______________________.

A

permanent houses possible

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58
Q

Complete.

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION: Emergence of Science and Technology on Diverse Usage

  • ______________________
  • Communication
  • Weapons and armors
  • _________________
  • Engineering
  • ______________
A

Transportation and navigation;
Conservation of life;
Architecture

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59
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Newspaper

A

ROMAN CIVILIZATION (753 BC to 476 AD)

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60
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Roman Numerals

A

ROMAN CIVILIZATION (753 BC to 476 AD)

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61
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Roman Architecture

A

ROMAN CIVILIZATION (753 BC to 476 AD)

62
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Bound Books or Codex

A

ROMAN CIVILIZATION (753 BC to 476 AD)

63
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Alarm clock

A

GREEK CIVILIZATION (800 BC to 140 BC)

64
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Water mill

A

GREEK CIVILIZATION (800 BC to 140 BC)

65
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Silk

A

CHINESE CIVILIZATION (1600 BC to 221 BC)

66
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Gunpowder

A

CHINESE CIVILIZATION (1600 BC to 221 BC)

67
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Great wall of China

A

CHINESE CIVILIZATION (1600 BC to 221 BC)

68
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Tea Production

A

CHINESE CIVILIZATION (1600 BC to 221 BC)

69
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Paper or papyrus

A

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (3100 BC to 332 BC)

70
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Water Clock/ Clepsydra

A

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (3100 BC to 332 BC)

71
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Cosmetics and Wig

A

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (3100 BC to 332 BC)

72
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Hieroglyphics

A

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (3100 BC to 332 BC)

73
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Ink

A

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (3100 BC to 332 BC)

74
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Cuneiform – handwriting

A

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (4500 BC to 1900 BC)

75
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

The Plow

A

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (4500 BC to 1900 BC)

76
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Wheel

A

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (4500 BC to 1900 BC)

77
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Sailboats

A

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (4500 BC to 1900 BC)

78
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Irrigation and Dikes

A

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (4500 BC to 1900 BC)

79
Q

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Uruk City

A

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (4500 BC to 1900 BC)

80
Q

____________ – Term for western Europe during the Postclassical Era (A.P. World History’s 3rd time period.)

A

Middle ages

81
Q

Also regarded as the bridge between the middle ages and modern history that started as a cultural movement in Italy, it later spread towards the rest of Europe.

A

The Renaissance (14th to 17th century)

82
Q

The Middle ages began with the fall of the _______________ and ended in the ________.

A

Roman Empire (476); 1400s

83
Q

Printing Press
Microscope
Telescope
War weapons

A

The Middle “Dark” Ages (476 AD to 1400s)

84
Q

Problems that rose during the “Dark Ages”:
- __________________________
- Widespread diseases (plagues)
- Long religious wars
- _______________________
- ________________________

A

Lack of a central government;
Little to no access to education;
Slow technological or cultural development

85
Q

Problems that rose during the “Dark Ages”:
- Lack of a central government
- _______________________
- _____________________
- Little to no access to education
- Slow technological or cultural development

A

Widespread diseases (plagues);
Long religious wars

86
Q

The term “___________” = Western Europe, but later included America.

A

“the West”

87
Q

Also referred to as the Dark Ages.

A

The Middle “Dark” Ages (476 AD to 1400s)

88
Q

___________ and _____________ created the first airplane in 1903.

A

Brother Orville; Wilbur Wright

89
Q

Within a few decades _________ had changed the face of personal and business travel and had dramatically altered warfare.

A

planes

90
Q

_______________ created the phonograph in 1877.

A

Thomas Edison

91
Q

This allowed people to listen to music anywhere.

A

Phonograph

92
Q

Prior to the creation of the ____________ the only option for entertainment was for live musicians or actors to perform.

A

phonograph

93
Q

__________________ created the telephone in 1876.

A

Alexander Graham Bell

94
Q

The ___________ further improved communications and eventually led to the various communications devices used today.

A

telephone

95
Q

___________ was by far one of the most imperative inventors of the Industrial Revolution.

A

Henry Ford

96
Q

It enabled people to go wherever they wanted whenever they wanted.

A

automobile

97
Q

The _______________ modernized the transportation industry entirely.

A

automobile

98
Q

The development of electricity as a source of power had been done by an international collection of scientists including _____________, ______________, and _______________.

A

Benjamin Franklin, Alessandro Volta, and Michael Faraday.

99
Q

Camera

Beginning in 1814, _______________ the first person to ever take a photograph.

A

Joseph Nicephore Niepce

100
Q

The humble tin can was patented by a British merchant, _____________ in 1810.

A

Peter Durand

101
Q

______________ invented the internal combustion engine in 1858.

A

Jean Lenoir

102
Q

Eventually this engine was used in mass transportation.

A

Internal Combustion Engine

103
Q

_________________ is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit.

A

Internal Combustion Engine

104
Q

It would have an incalculable impact on food preservation and transportation right up to the present day.

A

The Tin Can

105
Q

_________ and __________ opened the very first commercial canning factory in England in 1813.

A

John Hall and Bryan Dorkin

106
Q

Agricultural Machines

Joseph Foljambe’s ________________ of 1730 was the first commercially successful iron plough.

A

Rotherham plough

107
Q

Agricultural Machines

The _____________, invented by Andrew Meikle in 1784, displaced hand threshing with a flail, a laborious job that took about one-quarter of agricultural labor.

A

threshing machine

108
Q

In 1824, _____________, a British Bricklayer turned builder, patented a chemical process for making Portland cement.

A

Joseph Aspdin

109
Q

This process involves sintering a mixture of clay and limestone to about 1,400 degrees C (2,225 degrees F), then grinding it into a fine powder which is then mixed with water, sand, and gravel to produce concrete.

A

Invention of Cement

110
Q

The large-scale production of chemicals was an important development during the ________________.

A

Industrial Revolution

111
Q

____________ took world leadership in the chemical industry.

A

Germany

112
Q

Aspiring chemicals flocked to German universities during what period?

A

Industrial Revolution

113
Q

Production of sulphuric acid was pioneered by the Englishman _____________ in 1746.

A

John Roebuck

114
Q

Production for fertilizers, detergents, dyes, explosives, drugs, and other chemicals.

A

Industrial Revolution

115
Q

Lasting impact on the economics of the world and the lives of the person.

A

Industrial Revolution

116
Q

______________ is the process of extracting coal from the ground.

A

Coal mining

117
Q

_______ is valued for its energy content. Industrialization increased the demand significantly.

A

Coal

118
Q

The substitution of ______ for ________ greatly lowered the fuel cost of iron production.

A

coal; charcoal

119
Q

The __________________________ enabled a large increase in iron production.

A

charcoal powered steam engine

120
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The plough increased productivity by removing seed from cotton.

A

FALSE - cotton gin

121
Q

__________ created the first truly reliable steam engine in 1775.

A

James Watt

122
Q

This invention made locomotives and many of the textile machines possible.

A

steam engine

123
Q

Invented by Eli Whitney.

A

Cotton Gin.

124
Q

The first that employed the factory system.

A

Industrial Revolution

125
Q

Large gains in productivity also occurred in spinning and weaving of textile.

A

Industrial Revolution

126
Q

The use of machines and an “assembly-line” approach.

A

Industrial Revolution

127
Q

Introduction of inventions that made the life of people easier.

A

Industrial Revolution

128
Q

The advancement of the textile industry was a key development in the ___________________.

A

Industrial Revolution

129
Q

The era in which human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment.

A

THE ANTHROPOCENE (Present): The Rise of the Human Empire

130
Q

Scientists in the Soviet Union appear to have used the term “____________” as early as the 1960s to refer to the ___________, the most recent geological period.

A

Anthropocene; Quaternary

131
Q

The term (Anthropocene) was widely popularized in 2000 by atmospheric chemist ____________, who regards the influence of human behavior on Earth’s atmosphere in recent centuries as so significant as to constitute a new geological time.

A

Paul J. Crutzen

132
Q

Issues that have identified the Anthropocene

Global ______________ Emissions by Gas

A

Greenhouse Gas

133
Q

Burning ________ marks the Anthropocene age.
Current rates of carbon emission are thought to be higher than at any time in the last 65 million years.

A

fossil fuels

134
Q
  • Nuclear Weapons
  • Warfares have left their mark on geology.
  • When the first nuclear weapon was detonated on July 16, 1945 in ___________.
A

New Mexico

135
Q

____________, initially developed in the 1900s, have grown rapidly since the 1950s, and we now produce 500 million tons a year.

A

Plastics

136
Q

Sediments containing _________ will be a clear sign of the Anthropocene.

A

plastics

137
Q

Changed Geology

Every time we destroy a patch of rainforest, this changes the _______ of Earth’s geology.

We have transformed more than 50% of Earth’s land area for _________________.

A

future; our own purposes

138
Q

Deforestation, farming, drilling, mining, landfills, dam-building, and coastal reclamation are all having widespread effects on sedimentary processes.

A

Changed Geology

139
Q

Disrupting how layers of rock are laid down, which will be detectable thousands of years in the future.

A

Changed Geology

140
Q

Our attempts to feed an increasing population will leave clear indicators, too.

A

Use of Fertilizers

141
Q

We produce 23.5 million tons of phosphorus a year.
Human activity had the biggest impact on the nitrogen cycle for 2.5 billion years.

A

Use of Fertilizers

142
Q

Levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in soils have doubled in the last century because of our increased use of fertilizers.

A

Use of Fertilizers

143
Q

Unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels.

A

Global Warming

144
Q

The moment of _____________ is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species.

A

extinction

145
Q

Average global sea levels are higher than at any point in the past 115,000 years and are rising rapidly, which may also be detectable in the future.

A

Global Warming

146
Q

Mass extinctions sparked by massive global changes mark the ___________________.

A

Anthropocene period

147
Q

Rate of temperature increase has nearly doubled in the last 50 years.

A

Global Warming

148
Q

The Dark Side of Technology

Technology is a mostly positive endeavor, except for some troubling and unnerving possibilities Michio Kaku refers to as “___________.”

A

“wildcards”

149
Q

“There are dangers, but only dangers if people don’t understand where technology is taking us.” – _____________

A

Michio Kaku

150
Q

The unanticipated uses of __________ and __________ threaten to turn happy futuristic dreams into nightmares.

A

technology; science

151
Q
A
152
Q
A

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