Scientific Revolution Flashcards
It makes difficult and complicated tasks easier
THE EMERGENCE OF TECHNOLOGY
Women stayed close to the camp, often close to a body of water. They looked after the children and searched nearby woods and meadows for berries, nuts, and grains.
Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
Everyone worked to find food. Some scientists believe that equity existed between Paleolithic men and women.
Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
A man and a woman worked together to find food for themselves and their children, thus, the emergence of the first families.
Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
The earliest part of this period was the Paleolithic Age or the _____________.
Old Stone Age
Designation of tasks within groups.
Men – _______
Women – _______
hunting; gathering
______________ (caveman diet) – heavy on protein and low in carbs.
Paleo Diet
__________ people hunted buffalo, bison, wild goats, reindeer, and other animals, depending on where they lived.
Paleolithic
Current research indicates that two-thirds of the energy was derived from animal sources.
Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
Fished along rivers and coastal areas.
Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
______________ people survived by hunting and gathering. Gathered wild nuts, berries, fruits, wild grains, and green plants.
Paleolithic
The Paleolithic Age began about 2.5 million years ago and lasted until around ______________.
8000 B.C
Traveled in groups, or bands, of about 20 or 30 members.
Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
Nomadic group of people.
Surviving the Paleolithic Age
The Human Origins (6 to 2 MYA)
The __________________ refers to the remarkable and sudden emergence of language, consciousness and culture in our species, Homo sapiens.
Human Revolution
Large complex brains provided the capacity to make and use tools.
The Human Origins (6 to 2 MYA)
The Human Origins (6 to 2 MYA)
First humans emerged from __________, and lived simultaneously with other hominid species.
Africa
The Human Origins (6 to 2 MYA)
Historians call the early period of human history as the _____________.
Stone Age
Complete.
KEY HISTORICAL TRANSITIONS”
- Paleolithic Period
- ________________
- ______________________
- Industrial Revolution
- __________________
Neolithic Period;
Rise of Ancient Civilizations;
The Anthropocene
Developments in this field are not just products of one time thought process.
THE EMERGENCE OF TECHNOLOGY
Brought about gradual improvements to earlier works from different time periods.
THE EMERGENCE OF TECHNOLOGY
Communication and Arts
Development of spoken language.
Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION (10,2000 BC and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC)
The wide-scale transition from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering and settlement.
First Agricultural Revolution
The _________ was a period in the development of human technology.
Neolithic
First tools made by humans:
Technology tools and methods to perform tasks were first used by __________________.
Paleolithic people
Flint technology was a major breakthrough for early people.
Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
These pieces had very sharp edges that could be used for cutting.
Flint
Before this time, sticks, stones, and tree branches served as tools. Later, people made devices from a hard stone called flint (hard, sedimentary crystalline form of the mineral quartz).
Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
TRUE OR FALSE
Paleolithic people learned that by hitting a flint with another hard stone, the flint would flake into pieces.
TRUE
Later, people made devices from a hard stone called ________ (hard, sedimentary crystalline form of the mineral quartz).
flint
Over time, ________________ made better, more complex tools. Spears, bows, and arrows made killing large animals easier.
Paleolithic people
Sharp-edged tools to cut up plants and dig roots.
They used scraping tools to clean animals hids, which they used for clothing and shelter.
Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
Spears and fish hooks increased the number of fish caught.
Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
By the end of the ______________, people were making smaller and sharper tools.
Paleolithic Age
In very cold climates, some people made shelters from ice and snow. Many lived in caves.
Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
Humans learned to make their own shelters.
People constructed tents and huts of animal skins, brush, and wood.
Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
They crafted needles from animal bones to make nets and baskets and to sew hides together for clothing.
Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
Bone Needle
Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
-
-
-
- Warmth
- Cooked food
- Meat that was smoked by fire could be stored.
- Generating fire
In the Paleolithic Age, a certain stone, _________, gave off sparks when struck against another rock.
iron pyrite
Communication and Arts
The spoken language of early people was constantly growing and changing. Transfer of knowledge.
Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
Communication and Arts
During the Paleolithic Age, humans crushed yellow, black, and red rocks and combined them with ______________ to make their paints. Used twigs and their fingertips to apply these paintings to the rock walls.
animal fat
Communication and Arts
Cave paintings found all around the world.
Paleolithic Age (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
During the ___________, people lived in small tribes composed of families.
Neolithic age
Skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tools and ornaments, including projectile points, beads, and statues.
Neolithic age
The ___________________ allowed forest clearance on a large scale.
polished tone axe
An array of ___________ artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools.
Neolithic
Neolithic stone artifacts are by definition _________.
polished
Growth of Agriculture
Surpluses could be stored and traded.
Neolithic age
Sedentary farming populations grew faster than the nomadic.
Neolithic age
Agricultural life and afforded securities.
Neolithic age
Neolithic Society
The domestication of large animals resulted in a dramatic increase in ________________.
social inequality
Headed by a charism of tribal groups.
Neolithic age
Encouraged the growth of settlements.
Production of surplus crop yields.
Neolithic age
Reliance upon the foods produced from cultivated lands.
Neolithic age
The clothing of the Neolithic humans were made of _____________.
animal skins
Neolithic Society
The growth of agriculture made ______________________.
permanent houses possible
Complete.
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION: Emergence of Science and Technology on Diverse Usage
- ______________________
- Communication
- Weapons and armors
- _________________
- Engineering
- ______________
Transportation and navigation;
Conservation of life;
Architecture
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Newspaper
ROMAN CIVILIZATION (753 BC to 476 AD)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Roman Numerals
ROMAN CIVILIZATION (753 BC to 476 AD)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Roman Architecture
ROMAN CIVILIZATION (753 BC to 476 AD)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Bound Books or Codex
ROMAN CIVILIZATION (753 BC to 476 AD)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Alarm clock
GREEK CIVILIZATION (800 BC to 140 BC)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Water mill
GREEK CIVILIZATION (800 BC to 140 BC)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Silk
CHINESE CIVILIZATION (1600 BC to 221 BC)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Gunpowder
CHINESE CIVILIZATION (1600 BC to 221 BC)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Great wall of China
CHINESE CIVILIZATION (1600 BC to 221 BC)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Tea Production
CHINESE CIVILIZATION (1600 BC to 221 BC)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Paper or papyrus
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (3100 BC to 332 BC)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Water Clock/ Clepsydra
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (3100 BC to 332 BC)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Cosmetics and Wig
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (3100 BC to 332 BC)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Hieroglyphics
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (3100 BC to 332 BC)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Ink
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (3100 BC to 332 BC)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Cuneiform – handwriting
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (4500 BC to 1900 BC)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
The Plow
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (4500 BC to 1900 BC)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Wheel
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (4500 BC to 1900 BC)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Sailboats
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (4500 BC to 1900 BC)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Irrigation and Dikes
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (4500 BC to 1900 BC)
RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Uruk City
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (4500 BC to 1900 BC)
____________ – Term for western Europe during the Postclassical Era (A.P. World History’s 3rd time period.)
Middle ages
Also regarded as the bridge between the middle ages and modern history that started as a cultural movement in Italy, it later spread towards the rest of Europe.
The Renaissance (14th to 17th century)
The Middle ages began with the fall of the _______________ and ended in the ________.
Roman Empire (476); 1400s
Printing Press
Microscope
Telescope
War weapons
The Middle “Dark” Ages (476 AD to 1400s)
Problems that rose during the “Dark Ages”:
- __________________________
- Widespread diseases (plagues)
- Long religious wars
- _______________________
- ________________________
Lack of a central government;
Little to no access to education;
Slow technological or cultural development
Problems that rose during the “Dark Ages”:
- Lack of a central government
- _______________________
- _____________________
- Little to no access to education
- Slow technological or cultural development
Widespread diseases (plagues);
Long religious wars
The term “___________” = Western Europe, but later included America.
“the West”
Also referred to as the Dark Ages.
The Middle “Dark” Ages (476 AD to 1400s)
___________ and _____________ created the first airplane in 1903.
Brother Orville; Wilbur Wright
Within a few decades _________ had changed the face of personal and business travel and had dramatically altered warfare.
planes
_______________ created the phonograph in 1877.
Thomas Edison
This allowed people to listen to music anywhere.
Phonograph
Prior to the creation of the ____________ the only option for entertainment was for live musicians or actors to perform.
phonograph
__________________ created the telephone in 1876.
Alexander Graham Bell
The ___________ further improved communications and eventually led to the various communications devices used today.
telephone
___________ was by far one of the most imperative inventors of the Industrial Revolution.
Henry Ford
It enabled people to go wherever they wanted whenever they wanted.
automobile
The _______________ modernized the transportation industry entirely.
automobile
The development of electricity as a source of power had been done by an international collection of scientists including _____________, ______________, and _______________.
Benjamin Franklin, Alessandro Volta, and Michael Faraday.
Camera
Beginning in 1814, _______________ the first person to ever take a photograph.
Joseph Nicephore Niepce
The humble tin can was patented by a British merchant, _____________ in 1810.
Peter Durand
______________ invented the internal combustion engine in 1858.
Jean Lenoir
Eventually this engine was used in mass transportation.
Internal Combustion Engine
_________________ is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit.
Internal Combustion Engine
It would have an incalculable impact on food preservation and transportation right up to the present day.
The Tin Can
_________ and __________ opened the very first commercial canning factory in England in 1813.
John Hall and Bryan Dorkin
Agricultural Machines
Joseph Foljambe’s ________________ of 1730 was the first commercially successful iron plough.
Rotherham plough
Agricultural Machines
The _____________, invented by Andrew Meikle in 1784, displaced hand threshing with a flail, a laborious job that took about one-quarter of agricultural labor.
threshing machine
In 1824, _____________, a British Bricklayer turned builder, patented a chemical process for making Portland cement.
Joseph Aspdin
This process involves sintering a mixture of clay and limestone to about 1,400 degrees C (2,225 degrees F), then grinding it into a fine powder which is then mixed with water, sand, and gravel to produce concrete.
Invention of Cement
The large-scale production of chemicals was an important development during the ________________.
Industrial Revolution
____________ took world leadership in the chemical industry.
Germany
Aspiring chemicals flocked to German universities during what period?
Industrial Revolution
Production of sulphuric acid was pioneered by the Englishman _____________ in 1746.
John Roebuck
Production for fertilizers, detergents, dyes, explosives, drugs, and other chemicals.
Industrial Revolution
Lasting impact on the economics of the world and the lives of the person.
Industrial Revolution
______________ is the process of extracting coal from the ground.
Coal mining
_______ is valued for its energy content. Industrialization increased the demand significantly.
Coal
The substitution of ______ for ________ greatly lowered the fuel cost of iron production.
coal; charcoal
The __________________________ enabled a large increase in iron production.
charcoal powered steam engine
TRUE OR FALSE
The plough increased productivity by removing seed from cotton.
FALSE - cotton gin
__________ created the first truly reliable steam engine in 1775.
James Watt
This invention made locomotives and many of the textile machines possible.
steam engine
Invented by Eli Whitney.
Cotton Gin.
The first that employed the factory system.
Industrial Revolution
Large gains in productivity also occurred in spinning and weaving of textile.
Industrial Revolution
The use of machines and an “assembly-line” approach.
Industrial Revolution
Introduction of inventions that made the life of people easier.
Industrial Revolution
The advancement of the textile industry was a key development in the ___________________.
Industrial Revolution
The era in which human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment.
THE ANTHROPOCENE (Present): The Rise of the Human Empire
Scientists in the Soviet Union appear to have used the term “____________” as early as the 1960s to refer to the ___________, the most recent geological period.
Anthropocene; Quaternary
The term (Anthropocene) was widely popularized in 2000 by atmospheric chemist ____________, who regards the influence of human behavior on Earth’s atmosphere in recent centuries as so significant as to constitute a new geological time.
Paul J. Crutzen
Issues that have identified the Anthropocene
Global ______________ Emissions by Gas
Greenhouse Gas
Burning ________ marks the Anthropocene age.
Current rates of carbon emission are thought to be higher than at any time in the last 65 million years.
fossil fuels
- Nuclear Weapons
- Warfares have left their mark on geology.
- When the first nuclear weapon was detonated on July 16, 1945 in ___________.
New Mexico
____________, initially developed in the 1900s, have grown rapidly since the 1950s, and we now produce 500 million tons a year.
Plastics
Sediments containing _________ will be a clear sign of the Anthropocene.
plastics
Changed Geology
Every time we destroy a patch of rainforest, this changes the _______ of Earth’s geology.
We have transformed more than 50% of Earth’s land area for _________________.
future; our own purposes
Deforestation, farming, drilling, mining, landfills, dam-building, and coastal reclamation are all having widespread effects on sedimentary processes.
Changed Geology
Disrupting how layers of rock are laid down, which will be detectable thousands of years in the future.
Changed Geology
Our attempts to feed an increasing population will leave clear indicators, too.
Use of Fertilizers
We produce 23.5 million tons of phosphorus a year.
Human activity had the biggest impact on the nitrogen cycle for 2.5 billion years.
Use of Fertilizers
Levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in soils have doubled in the last century because of our increased use of fertilizers.
Use of Fertilizers
Unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels.
Global Warming
The moment of _____________ is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species.
extinction
Average global sea levels are higher than at any point in the past 115,000 years and are rising rapidly, which may also be detectable in the future.
Global Warming
Mass extinctions sparked by massive global changes mark the ___________________.
Anthropocene period
Rate of temperature increase has nearly doubled in the last 50 years.
Global Warming
The Dark Side of Technology
Technology is a mostly positive endeavor, except for some troubling and unnerving possibilities Michio Kaku refers to as “___________.”
“wildcards”
“There are dangers, but only dangers if people don’t understand where technology is taking us.” – _____________
Michio Kaku
The unanticipated uses of __________ and __________ threaten to turn happy futuristic dreams into nightmares.
technology; science
