Philosophy of Science Flashcards
Types of Data Collection
Ex: “Why do you prefer to use cloth masks vs surgical masks?”
QUALITATIVE DATA
Types of Data Collection
Provide a deep understanding of how people perceive their social realities, and in consequence, how they act within the social world.
QUALITATIVE DATA
Types of Data Collection
Statistics help turn quantitative data into useful information that is crucial for decision making.
QUANTITATIVE DATA
Types of Data Collection
Scientifically objective and rational.
QUANTITATIVE DATA
Types of Data Collection
Ex: Why do you prefer to use cloth masks vs surgical masks? Choose only 1.
a. Environmentally friendly
b. Cost-effective
c. Fashionable
d. Reusable
e. It’s the only mask available near me.
QUALITATIVE DATA
Types of Data Collection
Laboratory and field experimentations, rating scales, closed survey questions such as “Yes” or “No” which can have numerical categories.
QUANTITATIVE DATA
Types of Data Collection
Diary accounts, in-depth interviews, documents, focus groups, case study research, and ethnography, open-ended surveys.
QUALITATIVE DATA
TRUE OR FALSE
If the same result can be consistently achieved by using the same methods under the same circumstances, the measurement is considered reliable.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
If research has high validity, that means it produces results that correspond to real properties, characteristics, and variations in the physical or social world.
TRUE
________ refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure.
Validity
_____________ is one indicator that a measurement is valid. If a method is not reliable, it probably isn’t valid.
High reliability
____________ refers to how consistently a method measures something.
Reliability
Reliability vs. Validity
RELATION
A reliable measurement is not always valid: the results might be reproducible, but they’re not necessarily correct.
Reliability
Reliability vs. Validity
ASSESSMENT
By checking the consistency of results across time, across different observers, and across parts of the test itself.
Reliability
Reliability vs. Validity
DEFINITION
The extent to which the result can be reproduced when the research is repeated under the same conditions.
Reliability
Reliability vs. Validity
ASSESSMENT
By checking how well the results correspond to established theories and other measures of the same concept.
Validity
Reliability vs. Validity
RELATION
A valid measurement is generally reliable: if a test produces accurate results, they should be reproducible.
Validity
Reliability vs. Validity
DEFINITION
The extent to which the results really measure what they are supposed to measure.
Validity
How do we prevent the spread of misinformation?
Always remember CRAAP!!
_________ – is the information current?
_________ – is the information important?
_________ – who is the author/ publisher/ sponsor of the news?
_________ – is the information supported by evidence? Does the author cite credible sources? Is the information verifiable in other places?
_________ – What is the purpose of this news?
Currency;
Relevance;
Authority;
Accuracy;
Purpose
______________ – Does the article seem to lean toward a particular point of view? Does it link to sites, files, or images that seem to skew left or right? Biased articles may not be giving you the whole story.
Look for Bias
_______________ – Is the author specialized in the field that the article is concerned with? Does s/he currently work in that field? Check LinkedIn or do a quick Google search to see if the author can speak about the subject with authority and accuracy.
Check Credentials
________________ – When an article cites sources, it’s good to check them out. Sometimes, official-sounding associations are really biased think tanks or represent only a fringe view of a large group of people. If you can’t find sources, read as much about the topic as you can to get a feel for what’s already out there and decide for yourself if the article is accurate or not.
Check the Sources
_______________ – If what you’re reading seems too good to be true, or too weird, or too reactionary, it probably is.
Judge Hard
_______________ – Like eggs and milk, information can have an expiration date. In many cases, use the most up-to-date information you can find.
Check the Dates
means “love of wisdom.”
Philosophy
Types of Data
Numeric variables
How many
How much
How often
QUANTITATIVE DATA
Types of Data
Categorical variables
What type
From where
Qualities
QUALITATIVE DATA
Scientific Method:
- ________________ (problem)
- ________________ (research)
- ________________ (hypothesize)
- ________________ (experiment)
- ________________ (analyze)
- ________________ (interpret)
- ASK A QUESTION
- DEFINE PROBLEM STATEMENT
- CONSTRUCT THE HYPOTHESIS
- TEST THE HYPOTHESIS
- COLLECT THE DATA
- REPORT THE RESULT
“Normal Science” versus “Revolutionary Science”
It is in this period of __________________ that theories are checked, previously held formulations are re-analyzed and possible refutations are generated, for a new paradigm, or paradigm shift to occur.
revolutionary science
Solving problems is a ____________________.
scientific progress
Science must continue to progress through an open quest to put existing theories to the test, allowing preconceived notions of “facts,” whatever they may be, up to scientific criticism and refutation.
Conjecture and Refutation
Thomas Kuhn famously published _________________________ in 1962, a publication that brought previous theories in the history and philosophy of science into a whole new context.
The Structures of Scientific Revolutions
Coined the term “paradigm.”
Thomas Kuhn
Also rejects the context of discovery.
Falsificationism
The notion of scientific progress for the falsificationist rests on the premise that scientific theories are tentative.
Falsificationism
A body of science must be falsifiable.
Falsificationism
No specific number of confirmations will make any hypothesis true.
Falsificationism
Confirmation of hypothesis is not enough.
Falsificationism
Rejects the context of discovery.
Hypothetico-deductivism
Rejects the notion that facts are neutral and objective.
Hypothetico-deductivism
Theories are confirmed, not proven, yet every instance that lends support corroborates the theory.
Hypothetico-deductivism
___________________ asserts that “facts” are not always observable.
Hypothetico-deductivism
TRUE OR FALSE
Facts are always observable as facts have come to scientists by observation and not by accident, through dreams, visions, and pre-existing theories.
FALSE– Facts are not always observable. Facts have come to scientists not by observation but rather by accident, through dreams, visions, and pre-existing theories
OBSERVATIONS → ANALYSIS → THEORY
INDUCTION
A social phenomenon is observed. → Data is collected on the possible reasons why it occurs and trends in the data are examined. → A theory is developed from this data to explain the social phenomenon.
INDUCTION
I break out when I eat peanuts → This is a symptom of being allergic. → I am allergic to peanuts.
INDUCTION
IDEA → OBSERVATIONS → CONCLUSION
DEDUCTION
A social phenomenon is observed → A theory is developed to explain why it occurred. → The theory is tested through research and the theory is either accepted, rejected, or revised.
DEDUCTION
All men are mortal → Jason is a man → Jason is mortal
DEDUCTION
The Sciences:
______________ – theorems & axioms
______________ – measurement/ chemistry-matter and composition
______________ – structure & function
PSYCHOLOGY
SOCIAL SCIENCE
MATHEMATICS;
PHYSICS;
BIOLOGY
Key Concept: Science is based on __________.
Facts
THREE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
-
METAPHYSICS
EPISTEMOLOGY
AXIOLOGY/ ETHICS
THREE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
_________________ – What is the nature of VALUES?
AXIOLOGY/ ETHICS
THREE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
_______________ - What is the nature of KNOWLEDGE?
EPISTEMOLOGY
THREE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
________________ – What is the nature of REALITY?
METAPHYSICS
Philosophy is made up of two Greek words, ______, meaning love, and sophos, meaning _______.
philo;
wisdom
