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STS > Philosophy of Science > Flashcards

Philosophy of Science Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Data Collection

Ex: “Why do you prefer to use cloth masks vs surgical masks?”

A

QUALITATIVE DATA

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2
Q

Types of Data Collection

Provide a deep understanding of how people perceive their social realities, and in consequence, how they act within the social world.

A

QUALITATIVE DATA

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3
Q

Types of Data Collection

Statistics help turn quantitative data into useful information that is crucial for decision making.

A

QUANTITATIVE DATA

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4
Q

Types of Data Collection

Scientifically objective and rational.

A

QUANTITATIVE DATA

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5
Q

Types of Data Collection

Ex: Why do you prefer to use cloth masks vs surgical masks? Choose only 1.
a. Environmentally friendly
b. Cost-effective
c. Fashionable
d. Reusable
e. It’s the only mask available near me.

A

QUALITATIVE DATA

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6
Q

Types of Data Collection

Laboratory and field experimentations, rating scales, closed survey questions such as “Yes” or “No” which can have numerical categories.

A

QUANTITATIVE DATA

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7
Q

Types of Data Collection

Diary accounts, in-depth interviews, documents, focus groups, case study research, and ethnography, open-ended surveys.

A

QUALITATIVE DATA

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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

If the same result can be consistently achieved by using the same methods under the same circumstances, the measurement is considered reliable.

A

TRUE

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

If research has high validity, that means it produces results that correspond to real properties, characteristics, and variations in the physical or social world.

A

TRUE

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10
Q

________ refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure.

A

Validity

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11
Q

_____________ is one indicator that a measurement is valid. If a method is not reliable, it probably isn’t valid.

A

High reliability

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12
Q

____________ refers to how consistently a method measures something.

A

Reliability

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13
Q

Reliability vs. Validity

RELATION
A reliable measurement is not always valid: the results might be reproducible, but they’re not necessarily correct.

A

Reliability

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14
Q

Reliability vs. Validity

ASSESSMENT
By checking the consistency of results across time, across different observers, and across parts of the test itself.

A

Reliability

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15
Q

Reliability vs. Validity

DEFINITION
The extent to which the result can be reproduced when the research is repeated under the same conditions.

A

Reliability

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16
Q

Reliability vs. Validity

ASSESSMENT
By checking how well the results correspond to established theories and other measures of the same concept.

A

Validity

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17
Q

Reliability vs. Validity

RELATION
A valid measurement is generally reliable: if a test produces accurate results, they should be reproducible.

A

Validity

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18
Q

Reliability vs. Validity

DEFINITION
The extent to which the results really measure what they are supposed to measure.

A

Validity

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19
Q

How do we prevent the spread of misinformation?
Always remember CRAAP!!

_________ – is the information current?
_________ – is the information important?
_________ – who is the author/ publisher/ sponsor of the news?
_________ – is the information supported by evidence? Does the author cite credible sources? Is the information verifiable in other places?
_________ – What is the purpose of this news?

A

Currency;
Relevance;
Authority;
Accuracy;
Purpose

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20
Q

______________ – Does the article seem to lean toward a particular point of view? Does it link to sites, files, or images that seem to skew left or right? Biased articles may not be giving you the whole story.

A

Look for Bias

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21
Q

_______________ – Is the author specialized in the field that the article is concerned with? Does s/he currently work in that field? Check LinkedIn or do a quick Google search to see if the author can speak about the subject with authority and accuracy.

A

Check Credentials

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22
Q

________________ – When an article cites sources, it’s good to check them out. Sometimes, official-sounding associations are really biased think tanks or represent only a fringe view of a large group of people. If you can’t find sources, read as much about the topic as you can to get a feel for what’s already out there and decide for yourself if the article is accurate or not.

A

Check the Sources

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23
Q

_______________ – If what you’re reading seems too good to be true, or too weird, or too reactionary, it probably is.

A

Judge Hard

24
Q

_______________ – Like eggs and milk, information can have an expiration date. In many cases, use the most up-to-date information you can find.

A

Check the Dates

25
Q

means “love of wisdom.”

A

Philosophy

26
Q

Types of Data

Numeric variables
How many
How much
How often

A

QUANTITATIVE DATA

27
Q

Types of Data

Categorical variables
What type
From where
Qualities

A

QUALITATIVE DATA

28
Q

Scientific Method:

  • ________________ (problem)
  • ________________ (research)
  • ________________ (hypothesize)
  • ________________ (experiment)
  • ________________ (analyze)
  • ________________ (interpret)
A
  • ASK A QUESTION
  • DEFINE PROBLEM STATEMENT
  • CONSTRUCT THE HYPOTHESIS
  • TEST THE HYPOTHESIS
  • COLLECT THE DATA
  • REPORT THE RESULT
29
Q

“Normal Science” versus “Revolutionary Science”

It is in this period of __________________ that theories are checked, previously held formulations are re-analyzed and possible refutations are generated, for a new paradigm, or paradigm shift to occur.

A

revolutionary science

30
Q

Solving problems is a ____________________.

A

scientific progress

31
Q

Science must continue to progress through an open quest to put existing theories to the test, allowing preconceived notions of “facts,” whatever they may be, up to scientific criticism and refutation.

A

Conjecture and Refutation

32
Q

Thomas Kuhn famously published _________________________ in 1962, a publication that brought previous theories in the history and philosophy of science into a whole new context.

A

The Structures of Scientific Revolutions

33
Q

Coined the term “paradigm.”

A

Thomas Kuhn

34
Q

Also rejects the context of discovery.

A

Falsificationism

35
Q

The notion of scientific progress for the falsificationist rests on the premise that scientific theories are tentative.

A

Falsificationism

36
Q

A body of science must be falsifiable.

A

Falsificationism

37
Q

No specific number of confirmations will make any hypothesis true.

A

Falsificationism

38
Q

Confirmation of hypothesis is not enough.

A

Falsificationism

39
Q

Rejects the context of discovery.

A

Hypothetico-deductivism

40
Q

Rejects the notion that facts are neutral and objective.

A

Hypothetico-deductivism

41
Q

Theories are confirmed, not proven, yet every instance that lends support corroborates the theory.

A

Hypothetico-deductivism

42
Q

___________________ asserts that “facts” are not always observable.

A

Hypothetico-deductivism

43
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Facts are always observable as facts have come to scientists by observation and not by accident, through dreams, visions, and pre-existing theories.

A

FALSE– Facts are not always observable. Facts have come to scientists not by observation but rather by accident, through dreams, visions, and pre-existing theories

44
Q

OBSERVATIONS → ANALYSIS → THEORY

A

INDUCTION

45
Q

A social phenomenon is observed. → Data is collected on the possible reasons why it occurs and trends in the data are examined. → A theory is developed from this data to explain the social phenomenon.

A

INDUCTION

46
Q

I break out when I eat peanuts → This is a symptom of being allergic. → I am allergic to peanuts.

A

INDUCTION

47
Q

IDEA → OBSERVATIONS → CONCLUSION

A

DEDUCTION

48
Q

A social phenomenon is observed → A theory is developed to explain why it occurred. → The theory is tested through research and the theory is either accepted, rejected, or revised.

A

DEDUCTION

49
Q

All men are mortal → Jason is a man → Jason is mortal

A

DEDUCTION

50
Q

The Sciences:

______________ – theorems & axioms
______________ – measurement/ chemistry-matter and composition
______________ – structure & function
PSYCHOLOGY
SOCIAL SCIENCE

A

MATHEMATICS;
PHYSICS;
BIOLOGY

51
Q

Key Concept: Science is based on __________.

A

Facts

52
Q

THREE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

-

A

METAPHYSICS
EPISTEMOLOGY
AXIOLOGY/ ETHICS

53
Q

THREE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

_________________ – What is the nature of VALUES?

A

AXIOLOGY/ ETHICS

54
Q

THREE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

_______________ - What is the nature of KNOWLEDGE?

A

EPISTEMOLOGY

55
Q

THREE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

________________ – What is the nature of REALITY?

A

METAPHYSICS

56
Q

Philosophy is made up of two Greek words, ______, meaning love, and sophos, meaning _______.

A

philo;
wisdom

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