scientific method

Question 1

basic patterns and processes are uniform across time and space

Answer 1

uniformitarianism

Question 2

when two plausible explanations are reasonable the simpler one is preferable

Answer 2

parsimony

Question 3

we can learn about the world by careful observation of empirical phenomena

Answer 3

empiricism

Question 4

knowledge changes as new evidence appears and explanations change with new evidence

Answer 4

uncertainty

Question 5

tests and experiments should be repeatable if the same results cannot be reproduced, then the conclusions are probably incorrect

Answer 5

repeatability

Question 6

we rarely expect science to provide absolute proof that a theory is correct because new evidence may always undermine our current understanding

Answer 6

proof is elusive

Question 7

used to find out if a theory is correct

Answer 7

testable question

Question 8

correctness of measurements

Answer 8

accuracy

Question 9

repeatability of results

Answer 9

reproducabilty

Question 10

repeating studies of tests

Answer 10

replication

Question 11

a testable explination

Answer 11

hypothesis

Question 12

explanation that has been supported by a large number of tests and is considered by experts believable

Answer 12

scientific theory

Question 13

identify question, form testable hypothesis, collect data to test hypothesis, interpret results, report for peer review, publish findings

Answer 13

scientific method

Question 14

involves observation of events that have already happened

Answer 14

natural experiment

Question 15

manipulative experiementconditions are deliberately altered for one variable and all other variables are held constant

Answer 15

manipulative experiement

Question 16

comparing a treatment group to a control group which has not received the treatment

Answer 16

controlled study

Question 17

researcher doesn’t know which group has been treated until after the data has been analyzed

Answer 17

blind experimentr

Question 18

neither the subject nor the researcher know who is in the treatment group

Answer 18

double blind experiment

Question 19

simple representations of phenomena used to study complex systems and predict the effect of conditions that are too difficult to create and control

Answer 19

model

Question 20

networks of independent components and processes with materials and energy flowing from one component to another

Answer 20

systems

Question 21

general agreement among informed scholars

Answer 21

scientific concensus

Question 22

great changes in explanatory frameworks

Answer 22

paradigm shift

Question 23

characteristics of a whole functioning system that are quantitatively or qualitatively greater than the sum of the systems parts

Answer 23

emergent properties

Question 24

self contained and receives no inputs of energy or materials from the outside

Answer 24

closed system

Question 25

system that takes inputs from its surroundings

Answer 25

open system

Question 26

the energy and matter that flow into, through, and out of a system

Answer 26

throughput