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AP Psychology > Scientific Foundations of Psychology > Flashcards

Scientific Foundations of Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Structuralism

A

Emphasizes units of consciousness and identification of thoughts through introspection.

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2
Q

Functionalism

A

How an organism uses its perceptual abilities to adapt to its environment.

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3
Q

Behavioral approach

A

Learning as a result of experience.

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4
Q

Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic approach

A

How unconscious instincts, conflicts, motives, and defenses influence behavior.

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5
Q

Humanistic approach

A

Individual potential for growth and the role of unique perceptions in growth toward one’s potential.

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6
Q

Biological approach

A

Physiological and biochemical factors that determine behavior and mental processes.

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7
Q

Evolutionary approach

A

How natural selection favors behaviors that contribute to survival and reproduction.

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8
Q

Cognitive approach

A

How we receive, store, and process information, think, and speak.

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9
Q

Sociocultural approach

A

How cultural differences affect behavior.

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10
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

Uses biological processes, psychological factors, and social forces to provide a complete picture of behavior and mental processes.

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11
Q

Clinical psychologists

A

Evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.

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12
Q

Counseling psychologists

A

Help people adapt to change or make changes in their lifestyle.

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13
Q

Developmental psychologists

A

Study the physical, intellectual, social, and moral changes over the entire life span.

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14
Q

Educational psychologists

A

Focus on how effective teaching and learning happen.

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15
Q

Forensic psychologists

A

Apply psychological principles to legal issues.

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16
Q

Health/positive psychologists

A

Study how health and illness are influenced by emotions, stress, personality, and lifestyle.

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17
Q

Industrial/organizational psychologists

A

Improve productivity and work-life quality by applying psychological principles/methods.

18
Q

Controlled experiment

A

The experimenter manipulates the independent variable to see the effect on the dependent variable, establishing a cause-and-effect relationship.

19
Q

Quasi-experimental research

A

Similar to controlled experiments where random assignment isn’t possible.

20
Q

Experimenter bias

A

A researcher’s expectations about the outcome of a study affect the results.

21
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Clues participants discover about the purpose of a study that suggest how they should act.

22
Q

Single-blind procedure

A

Participants don’t know whether they’re in the experimental or control group.

23
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

Neither the experimenter nor the participant know who’s in the experimental or control group.

24
Q

Placebo

A

Physical/psychological treatment given to the control group that resembles the treatment given to the experimental group that contains nothing.

25
Q

Placebo effect

A

Response to the belief that the independent variable will have an effect rather than to the actual effect.

26
Q

Within-subjects design

A

All participants are exposed to every treatment/condition.

27
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Technique used to deal with order effects when using a repeated measures design.

28
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Records behaviors in real-life situations without intervention.

29
Q

Survey

A

Obtains large samples of abilities, beliefs, or behaviors through questionnaires and interviews.

30
Q

Test

A

Validated procedure for sampling, preparing, and analyzing.

31
Q

Case study

A

Intensive investigation of the behavior and mental processes of a specific person or situation.

32
Q

Elementary statistics

A

Collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.

33
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Summary of research data obtained from a sample.

34
Q

Mode

A

Most frequently occurring score in a set of research data.

35
Q

Mean

A

Arithmetic average of a set of scores.

36
Q

Median

A

Middle score of a set of data organized by size.

37
Q

Variability

A

Spread or dispersion of a set of research data or distribution.

38
Q

Range

A

Difference between the largest score and smallest score.

39
Q

Variance

A

How far each score in a data set is from the mean.

40
Q

Standard deviation

A

Measure of the average difference between each score and the mean.

41
Q

Correlation

A

Mutual relationship between two variables.

42
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Used to interpret data and draw conclusions.

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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