Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.

Question 2

Classical conditoning

Answer 2

When two or more stimuli are presented together; an unconditioned stimulus is paired repeatedly with a neutral stimulus until it acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response to a new stimulus.

Question 3

Stimulus

Answer 3

A change in the environment that elicits a response.

Question 4

Neutral stimulus

Answer 4

A stimulus that initially doesn’t elicit a response.

Question 5

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 5

Reflexively/automatically brings an unconditioned response.

Question 6

Unconditioned response

Answer 6

Automatic/involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 7

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

Initially a neutral stimulus, elicits a conditioned response when paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 8

Acquisition

Answer 8

Learning to give a known response to a new stimulus. US -> UR, NS + US -> UR, CS -> CR.

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

Repeatedly presenting a conditioned response with an unconditioned stimulus leads to return of the neutral stimulus.

Question 10

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

Previous conditioned stimulus elicits conditioned response after extinction.

Question 11

Generalization

Answer 11

Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also elicit the conditioned response without training.

Question 12

Discrimination

Answer 12

Ability to tell the difference between stimuli so that only the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response.

Question 13

Higher-order conditioning

Answer 13

Conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus to produce a conditioned response to the neutral stimulus.

Question 14

Aversive conditioning

Answer 14

Learning involving an unpleasant or harmful stimulus/reinforcer.

Question 15

Instrumental learning

Answer 15

A behavior becomes more or less probable depending on its consequences.

Question 16

Law of Effect

Answer 16

Behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened.

Question 17

Operant conditioning

Answer 17

An active learner performs certain voluntary behavior and the consequences determine the likelihood of its re-occurrence.

Question 18

Positive reinforcement

Answer 18

Rewarding consequence following voluntary behavior, increasing likelihood of its re-occurrence.

Question 19

Primary reinforcer

Answer 19

Something that is biologically important and thus, rewarding.

Question 20

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 20

Something rewarding due to being associated with a primary reinforcer.

Question 21

Generalized reinforcer

Answer 21

Secondary reinforcer associated with a number of different primary reinforcers.

Question 22

Premack principle

Answer 22

More probable behavior that can be used as a reinforcer for a less probable one.

Question 23

Negative reinforcement

Answer 23

Removal of an aversive consequence that follows a voluntary behavior, increasing the probability that behavior will be repeated.

Question 24

Punishment

Answer 24

Aversive consequence that follows a voluntary behavior, thereby decreasing the probability that behavior will be repeated.

Question 25

Omission training

Answer 25

Removal of a rewarding consequence that follows a voluntary behavior, thereby decreasing the probability that behavior will be repeated.

Question 26

Shaping

Answer 26

Positively reinforcing closer approximation of a desired behavior or teaching a new one.

Question 27

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 27

Schedule that provides reinforcement following the particular behavior, produces everytime it’s exhibited.

Question 28

Partial reinforcement or intermittent schedule

Answer 28

Occasional reinforcement following the particular behavior.

Question 29

Fixed ratio

Answer 29

Reinforcement of a particular behavior after a specific number of responses.

Question 30

Fixed interval

Answer 30

Reinforcement of the first particular response made after a specific length of time.

Question 31

Variable ratio

Answer 31

Reinforcement of a particular behavior after a number of responses that changes at random around an average number.

Question 32

Variable interval

Answer 32

Reinforcement of the first particular response made after a length of time that changes at random around an average period.

Question 33

Superstitious behaviors

Answer 33

Results from unintended reinforcement of unintended behavior.

Question 34

Behavior modification

Answer 34

Applies the behavioral approach scientifically to solve problems.

Question 35

Token economy

Answer 35

Uses secondary reinforcers to increase appropriate behavior.

Question 36

Biological preparedness

Answer 36

Predisposition to easily learn behaviors related to survival of the species.

Question 37

Instinctive draft

Answer 37

Moves toward the natural behavior of the organism.

Question 38

Latent learning

Answer 38

Learning in the absence of rewards.

Question 39

Insight

Answer 39

Sudden appearance of an answer to a problem.

Question 40

Observational learning

Answer 40

Occurs by watching the behavior of a model.