Scientific foundations-1

Question 1

Who developed the first psychology lab in 1879?

Answer 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 2

Structuralism (Wundt and Titchener)

Answer 2

used introspection (reflecting inward) to explore structural elements of behavior (senses, feelings, consciousness)

Question 3

Functionalism (William James)

Answer 3

how we function, and why do we see things that way?

Question 4

Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic:
Sigmund Freud

Answer 4

Originally viewed behavior as a reflection of unconscious aggressive and sexual impulses.

Question 5

Behaviorism:
John Watson (little Albert), B.F. Skinner

Answer 5

behavior viewed in terms of observable behavior and learned responses.
Nurture is dominant
Believe that all behavior (good and bad) can be learned and/ unlearned

Question 6

Biopsychosocial Approach

Answer 6

This 3 tiered approach involves looking at how biological, psychological, and social factors interact to understand behavior

Question 7

Biopsychosocial Approach- Biological Influences:

Answer 7

Genetic Predispositions
Natural Selection of traits
Genes responding to environment
Brain development or injury
Body chemical levels

Question 8

Biopsychosocial Approach- Psychological Influences

Answer 8

Learned behaviors such as how we are nurtured
Emotional factors
Cognitive processing such as our thought patterns, decision making, and the way we perceive things

Question 9

Biopsychosocial Approach- Social Factors

Answer 9

Presence of others
Cultural and Societal Expectations
Peer and other group influences
Media

Question 10

Nature-nurture-

Answer 10

the debate over the contributions that genes and experiences make to human behavior.

Question 11

Natural Selection-

Answer 11

the traits that contribute the most to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed onto future generations.

Question 12

Charles Darwin-

Answer 12

founder of the evolutionary approach & natural selection

Question 13

Heritability-

Answer 13

the chance of a trait being inherited.

Question 14

Twin Studies-

Answer 14

similarities and differences between identical and fraternal twins help us understand heritability.

Question 15

Epigenetics-

Answer 15

The study of environmental differences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change. These changes can be passed down to future generations

Question 16

Four Key principles

Answer 16

1. Informed consent of the participants
2. Protect participants from harm and discomfort
3. Treat all information with confidentiality
4. Full debrief participants as soon as their role is done in the study

Question 17

Empiricism-

Answer 17

science should rely on observation and experimentation. We are always trying to use empiricism and empirical data in modern research

Question 18

Theory-

Answer 18

an explanation or idea that organizes an observations and predicts behaviors.

Question 19

Hypothesis-

Answer 19

a proposition that allows to test or reject the theory or parts of the theory

Question 20

Operational Definition

Answer 20

a statement in the procedures of research that defines independent and dependent variables to allow for better analysis and later replication

Question 21

CORRELATION

Answer 21

How strongly one variable is related to another and to the direction of the relationship

Question 22

positive correlation -

Answer 22

two variables increase and decrease together

Question 23

negative correlation -

Answer 23

two variables move in opposite directions

Question 24

Experimental Method

Answer 24

Create a concise and testable hypothesis that measures cause and effect
Identify the variables
Independent variable- the factor or variable that is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter, the variable you want to study
Dependent Variable- the outcome factor, the variable that may change, the variable you are measuring, the variable that depends on the experiment

Question 25

Random Sample-

Answer 25

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of being chosen to avoid sampling bias. Make sure it is representative of the population

Question 26

control group

Answer 26

not exposed to the condition, treatment, or independent variable.

Question 27

Random Assignment-

Answer 27

assigning participants to experimental groups by chance. This is needed to demonstrate cause and effect.

Question 28

Hawthorne Effect-

Answer 28

participants alter their behavior when they know they are being observed. It usually refers to positive changes

Question 29

Confounding or Third Variables-

Answer 29

a factor other than the factor being studied in the experiment that might influence results.

Question 30

Double Blind Procedure-

Answer 30

neither the experimenter or the participant know which condition of the experiment they are in. Usually used to test drugs and medication with a placebo.

Question 31

Placebo Effect-

Answer 31

experimental results caused by expectations alone. Usually seen in drugs and medication experiments where the participant believes they have been the drug. Can act as a confounding variable.