learning

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

Simplest form of learning where a response to a stimulus decreases after repeated exposure. Become a habit, automatic. Can be applied to addiction and love.

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

• involuntary physical associations between stimuli.

Question 3

Operant conditioning-

Answer 3

behavior learned based on responses to actions (rewards and punishments).

Question 4

Cognitive learning-

Answer 4

learning based on thought processes, schema building.

Question 5

Observation learning-

Answer 5

learning by observing others, modeling.

Question 6

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS or US) and Unconditioned Response (UCR or UR)-

Answer 6

stimulus and response that have automatic, biological relationship.

Question 7

Neutral Stimulus (NS)-

Answer 7

stimulus that initially has no response.

Question 8

ACQUISITION –

Answer 8

the initial stage of classical conditioning when a neutral stimulus is linked with the unconditioned stimulus and the response occurs.

Question 9

GENERALIZATION –

Answer 9

responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli.

Question 10

DISCRIMINATION –

Answer 10

the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli.

Question 11

EXTINCTION –

Answer 11

the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response because the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 12

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

Answer 12

the reappearance of a conditioned response that was believed to have been extinguished

Question 13

Taste aversion-

Answer 13

Garcia proves this contingency showing after getting sick while eating a food, people will not eat that food again.

Question 14

Law of Effect:

Answer 14

behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened

Question 15

Shaping:

Answer 15

consequences to behavior in successive approximations or small consistent steps

Question 16

Positive Reinforcement:

Answer 16

something pleasant occurs when an action is performed, increasing the tendency to repeat it. Proposed by B.F. Skinner

Question 17

Negative Reinforcement:

Answer 17

something unpleasant is stopped if we do something, thus increasing the tendency to repeat the behavior

Question 18

Positive punishment-

Answer 18

something is added to change behavior

Question 19

Negative punishment-

Answer 19

something good is removed to change behavior

Question 20

Positive Punishment

Answer 20

The team has to run laps after they lose the game. (to teach a lesson but also benefits the players physically)

Question 21

Negative Punishment

Answer 21

Parents sending a child to his/her room.
Parents taking away a toy.
Time out

Question 22

Overjustification

Answer 22

over rewarding. Too frequent and too many rewards begin to lose their value and are ignored

Question 23

Instinctive Drift-

Answer 23

the tendency for conditioning to work better on instinctual behavior in animals as they revert back to them over time.

Question 24

Insight Learning:

Answer 24

Studied by Wolfgang Kohler and Chimps. Insight is learning through experience and problem solving. It is usually a quick “a-ha” moment

Question 25

Latent Learning

Answer 25

Edward Tolman & Rats) learning that occurs but is not evident until later trials or incentives and has no reinforcement

Question 26

Cognitive Maps

Answer 26

a mental representation of a physical environment.

Question 27

Internal Locus of Control- t

Answer 27

the perception that we control our own fate

Question 28

External Locus of Control-

Answer 28

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

Question 29

Problem Focused Coping-

Answer 29

attempting to alleviate stress directly- by changing or confronting it directly

Question 30

Emotion Focused Coping-

Answer 30

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring the cause and focusing on our emotional needs.

Question 31

Observational or Social Learning-

Answer 31

learning by watching and imitating others. This process is known as modeling.

Question 32

Vicarious Learning-

Answer 32

combines observational learning and operant conditioning. If you observe someone get rewarded/reinforced for a behavior, you are more likely to model that behavior, If you watch someone get punished for a behavior you are less likely to model that behavior.