Scientific basis of vaccines Flashcards

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1
Q

What is herd immunity memory boosted by?

A

Periodic outbreaks of disease in community and vaccines

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2
Q

What do parenteral vaccines lead to?

A

Poor mucosal immunity

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3
Q

What does monotypic mean?

A

Surface antigens remaining the same generally so vaccination (or infection) gives lifelong immunity

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4
Q

What does polytypic mean?

A

Surface antigens change and immunity is readily overcome

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5
Q

What are the types of vaccine?

A

Live, attenuated

  • MMR
  • yellow fever

Killed whole organism

  • influenza
  • polio
  • HepA

Subunit

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6
Q

Describe live vaccines

A

Attenuated by:

  • Culture it in a foreign host many times (add mutations)
  • Chemically cause mutations to attenuate it
  • Genetically engineer to create knockouts lacking genes for virulence

Issues:

  • Vaccine may mutate back to original form
  • Generally needs to be kept cold

Positives:

  • Useful for producing CTL memory cells because they can infect APCs
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7
Q

What are the issues with killed whole organism vaccines?

A

Need boosting to get good protection

Heat or chemicals to kill them

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8
Q

What are the individual components of bacteria that are used in subunit vaccines?

A

Proteins
Toxoids
Peptides
Polysaccharide

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9
Q

What are bacterial toxins inactivated with for use in vaccines?

A

Formaldehyde

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10
Q

What are the features of bacterial capsular polysaccharides as vaccines?

A

Poor antigens
Short term memory
No T cell immunity

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11
Q

How does enhancing immunogenicity work?

A

If you just use the polysaccharide theres only an antibody response
If you conjugate it to another cell then T cell binding occurs

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12
Q

What are vaccine adjuvants?

A

Things you add to vaccines to make them more immunogenic

  • Enhance immune response to antigen
  • Promote uptake and antigen presentation
  • Stimulate correct cytokine profiles
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13
Q

Where do you get passive immunity from?

A

Maternal transfer or serum from another source

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