Overview of the adaptive immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the adaptive immune system?

A

= part of the immune system that has enhanced rapidity, potency or specificity as a consequence of previous events (exposure or vaccination)

Anamnestic response - memory is the key element

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the adaptive immune system?

A

Protection from and defence against pathogens

  • Opportunity to have effectors ready which are specific and potent
  • Some pathogens stick around and need controlling - ‘latency’ - controlled by effectors

Role in malignancy surveillance

Liked to damage healing and repair

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3
Q

How do we spot pathogens?

A

Generic recognisable features - PAMPs

Presence is associated with damage

  • Damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMP)
  • There is co-stimulation of CD28 to confirm the pathogen

Previous exposure

Autoimmunity - self vs non-self (it shouldn’t be there)

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4
Q

What are examples of innate and adaptive cells invovled?

A
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5
Q

How can you describe lymphocytes?

A
  • White cell, small with large nucleus
  • T and B cells
  • Can either be:
    • naive/memory
    • immature/mature or differentiated
  • They: helper, cytotoxic, regulatory and antibody-producing
  • Surface markers they express: cd4, cd8 cd28
  • Type of receptor: Ig class for B cells/ ab vs yg for T cells
  • What they produce: TH1 or TH2
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6
Q

How is clonal selection used in adaptive immunity?

A

One clone - one specificity

  • B-cells - one cell, one antibody
    • Defined by their antibody
    • May class switch/undergo affinity maturation but always Ig
  • T-cells - one cell, one T cell receptor
    • Selection and expansion of that clone with or without differentiation
    • Retention in memory of clonal progeny
  • Continued protection
    • Continued production of antibody (B cells and plasma cells)
    • More rapid specific secondary responses (B and T cells)
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7
Q

What happens in the primary and secondary response in B cells?

A
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8
Q

How do the lymphocytes have different receptors?

A
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9
Q

What is the B cell repertoire selection?

A
  • Positive selection
  • Receptor editing
  • Negative selection to make sure they’re not recognised in cell
  • Antigen recognition leads to proliferation to differentiation
  • Activated B cells transform into plasma cells
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