Science Unit A Exam/ 4.0 Exam Flashcards
What are the definitions and differences between the terms threatened, endangered, and special concern?
Threatened- are likely to become endangered if their current declines are not reversed
Endangered- are in immediate danger of extinction or extirpation
Special Concern- are particularly vulnerable to change in their environment (natural events, human activities), because they are so specialized
What are the definitions and differences between the terms extinction and extirpation?
Extinction- the disappearance of every individual of a species from the entire planet
Extirpation- the local extinction or disappearance of a species from a particular area.
What are the natural causes of lowering biological diversity (extinction)?
- Catastrophic events (asteroids, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes)
- Lack of food due to overpopulation
- Disease
- Overspecialization
What are the unnatural causes of lowering biological diversity?
subcategories of one
- Habitat loss (urbanization, expansion of agriculture, expansion of forestry, pollution)
- Introduction of non-native species
- Overhunting
Are most extinctions/ extirpations a fast or slow process?
Most are a slow process, but sometimes mass amounts of environmental change can make the process quick
What is overspecialization, why does it occur, with an example?
Overspecialization refers to the adaptations that some organisms have that suit them to only a narrow set of environmental conditions
It most likely is a result of an organism living in a largely unchanging environment
Ex- Pandas only eat bamboo
Why can overspecialization be dangerous with an example?
These organisms will not be able to cope with environmental change well because they are so well suited to a very small set of factors
Ex- Pandas can’t switch over to another food source if their bamboo source is taken away (logging)
How do non-native species affect the native species of Canada?
When the non-native species are introduced, they begin to compete for resources (purple loosestrife)
What is the Dodo bird an example of and why?
Dodo birds are an example of extinction due to overspecialization because they were introduced to new predators that would hunt them and Dodo birds are not used to having predators hunting them in their environment
What is the difference between Artificial and Natural Selection?
Natural selection happens when the environment chooses which species get to last long enough to reproduce
Artificial Selection is when humans breed species for desirable traits they want in a species
Ex. Modern corn is a domesticated relative of a wild species of grass call teosinte, champion horses
What is genetic engineering, what process is oftentimes used, with an example?
The intentional altering of the DNA of an organism through technology. This often involves inserting one gene from one organism into another organism
Ex. Insulin is now created by bacteria that were genetically engineered to produce insulin. This was done by inserting the human insulin creating gene into the bacteria
What is cloning with an example?
The process of creating a genetically identical organism
Ex. Dolly the sheep was a clone of her mom
What is in vitro fertilization, and why is it favorable?
Sperm from a prize bull and eggs from a prize cow are put together in a lab, creating many little embryos. These embryos are then implanted in a different cow, so all the offspring will be brothers and sisters
This method is favored because breeders can determine the sex of the offspring to ensure they are all females
What is an example of non-heritable and heritable characteristics?
Examples of heritable characteristics are Skin, Blood, eye colors, and etc…
Examples of Non-heritable characteristics are: being a pro gamer among us, playing piano, and playing being able to be pro at baseball.
What is artificial insemination? What are its benefits?
Sperm are harvested from a prize bull and inserted into many females.
This method is often favored because it is cheaper, and provides a bit more variation in the offspring
What is in vitro fertilization?
Sperm from a prize bull and eggs from a prize cow are put together in a lab, creating many little embryos. These embryos are then implanted in a different cow, so all the offspring will be brothers and sisters
This method is favored because breeders can determine the sex of the offspring to ensure they are all females
What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction
The advantage is more variety
The disadvantage is: takes a lot of energy and is slower than asexual reproduction.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
The advantages are: it takes faster and uses less energy than sexual reproduction.
The disadvantage is it produces no variation.
What goals did the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity outline have?
- To preserve the biological diversity of the species
- Sustainable utilization of species and ecosystems
- To maintain life-supporting systems and essential ecological processes.
What is ex-situ conservation and what is an example?
It’s when species are kept in man-made habitats or when they are kept in their unnatural habitat?
Ex: Zoo
What is artificial reproductive technology, and what are the two types?
Artificial reproductive technology refers to any artificial method of joining a male and female gamete
Artificial insemination and in virto fertilization
What are some risks associated with cloning?
Unsuccessful pregnancies, birth defects, and deaths among clones
What is an example of ex-situ conservation of genetic resources for plants?
Seed banks are an example as they stores a variety of seeds for crops outside their natural environment. They started out as ways for farmers to access any seeds, but are now useful to save plants from extinction (not just crop plants) and to allow us to use them in modern technology. the IPGRI is responsible for doing this
What is in-situ conservation?
It’s when species are in their natural/undisturbed habitat/environment
The variations in a certain type of trait are known as what?
Variability
what are the two main goals of the restoration of ecosystems and species? Give some examples
The main point of the restoration of these ecosystems is to restore endangered species as well as damaged habitats.
some examples could include:
- ducks unlimited environment (CARE) Program to restore natural wetland areas
- the Ann and the sandy cross near Calgary.
What is an example of ex-situ conservation of genetic resources?
Seed banks are an example as they stores a variety of seeds for crops outside their natural environment. They started out as ways for farmers to access any seeds, but are now useful to save plants form extinction, and to allow us to use them in odern technology
What is an example of ex-situ conservation of genetic resources for animals?
The main method is zoos because conserving gametes for later use is a lot harder than conserving seeds. We need to keep the animals, not the things that make the animals
What does a karyotype look like?
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mDD65y-vIvDI9ATt6GPXQun-MGaGpzYT9wdn_ydBkS0/edit
Why are protected areas and national parks established?
they are established to make a place for species to live in an In-Situ environment. Which can protect the species from overhunting and can preserve genetic resources.
Why is ex-situ conservation sometimes preferred by in-situ?
Because it can act as the last hope
What is the study of passing on traits?
Genetics
What are the stages of embryo formation?
- Fertilization
- Zygote
- Cell division (cleavage)
- Stem cells (cell division continues)
- Embryo
What are the stages of embryo formation?
- Fertilization
- Zygote
- Cell division (cleavage)
- Stem cells (cell division continues)
- Embryo
What is this
https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/tg/en/illustration/karyotype.jpg
A karyotype
How does the process of meiosis work, and what cells does it create?
Meiosis starts out with a body cell
It makes a copy of all its chromosomes (96 chromosomes)
It then mixes up the chromosome’s information
Then it splits into two (46 chromosomes)
And splits again (23 chromosomes)
This creates 4 gametes
2 divisions
How does the process of meiosis work, and what cells does it create?
Meiosis starts out with a body cell
It makes a copy of all its chromosomes (96 chromosomes)
It then mixes up the chromosome’s information
Then it splits into two (46 chromosomes)
And splits again (23 chromosomes)
This creates 4 gametes
2 divisions
What happens if a dominant trait and a recessive trait are present in an organism?
They would produce a dominant trait even though the alleles are hybrid because the dominant masks the recessive
What are the definitions and differences between the terms DNA, genes, alleles, and chromosomes?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- genetic material shaped like a helix
Gene- a segment of DNA that determines specific characteristics of an organism
Allele- any possible form of a gene
Chromosome- a packet of DNA that is in a nucleus
How are dominant and recessive alleles characterized?
DOMINANT
recessive
What is the difference between a hybrid and a purebred?
A hybrid contains two different types of alleles, and a purebred is two of the same alleles
What is incomplete dominance?
When neither of the alleles for a gene are necessarily dominant or recessive. When this happens, a hybrid will be a mix of the two alleles
