SCIENCE-unit 2 Flashcards by Amy P.

What is buoyancy

The measure of the upward force that a fluid exerts on an object that is submerged

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Weight and mass are..

Not the same

Cannot be used interchangeably

Usually confused because heavy objects tend to have more mass than lighter objects

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Weight is

A force caused by gravity

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Mass is

A fundamental property of matter

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Why is it easier to lift yourself in a pool as opposed to on land?

Because of buoyant force

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This upward force ask in a direction opposite to your weight. Also known as….

Buoyancy

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Buoyancy is the measure of upward force

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The strength of buoyant force depends on

Volume of an object submerged underwater

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Buoyant force increases proportionally to

Do you volume of an object that is submerged

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What is the formula to find force

F=m x a

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Force is always measured in

Newtons

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Mass is always measured in

Kilograms

In the force equation

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Acceleration is always

9.8 m/s^2

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Density equals…

Mass in grams over volume in cubic centimeters

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Seismic waves

Vibrations that travel through earth and are caused by events like earthquakes or human made blasts

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Seismologist

A scientist who studies earthquakes

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P-waves

Primary waves/longitudinal

Seismic waves that move back-and-forth, are fast, and can travel through solids or liquids

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S waves

Secondary waves/transverse

Seismic waves that move side to side, are slow, and can travel through only solids

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Wave motion

The way energy is transmitted through earth

Example. Seismic waves

Series of movements through materials while the material remains in place

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What are the four interactions of a wave

Reflection-The process of a wave bouncing off surfaces

Refraction-The process of a wave bending as it crosses a boundary between two materials

Diffraction-The process of a wave bending around a corner or passing through an opening

Absorption-The process of diminishing the amplitude and energy of a wave as it passes through material

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What is frequency?

How often something repeats
It is expressed in hertz

One hertz equals one cycle per second

Frequency is the inverse of a period

We used frequency to measure the speed of a cycle

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What is wavelength

Distance from any point of a wave to the same point on the next cycle

Can be measured from crest to crest or trough to trough

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What is amplitude

The amount that a cycle moves away from its equilibrium

Friction will slow it down causing damping

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Wave motion

Due to spreading of the wave from where it begins

Material stays in the average place only energy moves

You need to measure how fast the wave spreads to find the speed

How deep is the crust

15 km

How deep is the upper mantle

410 km

How deep is the asthenosphere

660 km

How deep is the lower mantle

2900 km

How deep is the outer core

5100 km

How deep is the inner core

6400 km

What makes up the lithosphere

The upper mantle and crust

What separates the upper and lower mantle

The asthenosphere

What layers are solid and which ones are liquid

The crust, upper mantle, asthenosphere, lower mantle, and inner core are solid The outer core is liquid

What is it called where S waves cannot travel through the earth

The shadow zone

What is the crust made up of and what is their densities

Oceanic crust: basalt – 3.0 g/cm³ Continental crust: granite – 2.7 g/cm³

The asthenosphere is like the ______ in a sandwich of the mantle

Jelly

The lithosphere includes...

The moving crust and upper mantle

The inner and outer core made up of what

Iron

Why did the earths crust form aluminum in silicon

The materials are more buoyant then iron which has a higher density there for the iron moved to the center of the earth

Convection is the what

Transfer of heat as material circulates inside earth. convection takes place in the lower mantle. the heat from the center is constantly being transferred through the lower mantle material causing it to expand and the volume increases w/o the mass making it less dense and rise

Continental crust has lower density so it floats higher in the mantle

Oceanic crust has a higher density so it floats lower in the mantle

The mountain sits higher on the surface but sits lower...

In the mantle

As a glacier melts the crust..

Rises in the mantle

Who collected evidence that the continents had ones fit together in a supercontinent called Pangaea

Alfred Wegener

Wegener believed in what

Continental drift

Continental drift is the idea

That the continents move around on the earths surface

Plate tectonics describes...

How the pieces on earth's surface move

Evidence for continental drift

Coal beds stretch across eastern US say and Southern Europe Plant fossils are found in South America Africa India Australia and Antarctica Matching fossils and rock types are found in South America and Africa Evidence of my glaciers is present in regions with warm and dry climates

Harry Hess helped develop _____. How?

The theory of plate tectonics Well a Navy officer has helped map the ocean floor. His naval maps showed undersea mountain chain is that form to continuous chain down the center of ocean floors. He called them mid ocean ridges and his hypothesis Sea floor spreading

What proves Sea floor spreading

Identical magnetic patterns in the rocks on either side of mid ocean ridges

The cooling and sinking of plates into the mantle is called

Subduction

A mantle plume can cause a volcanic irruption in the play above it. If the irruption last not enough what can happen

The molten rock may form an island on the plate. After the island forms the movement of the plate carries it away from the mantle plume. This is how scientist determine the direction and speed of plate movement

A single plate moving in One Direction is made up of what boundaries

Divergent boundary-moves away from other plates Convergent boundary-collides with other plates Transform fault boundary-slides by another plate

Example of a divergent boundary is

Rift valleys- when formed on land that can eventually split the landmass

By subduction at a convergent boundary the place where they meet is called a what

Trench-forms the valley in the ocean floor

What is offsetting

Clue for a transform fault When seen from above the future will appear to make a zigzag

How do the magnetic patterns show Sea floor spreading

The stripe patterns are formed as iron bearing minerals in newly formed basalt a line to the earths magnetic field as the rock cools. These magnetic patterns are symmetrical on either side of a rich

What type of motion describes waves

Harmonic motion