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Freshman Year > SCIENCE-unit 1 > Flashcards

SCIENCE-unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is half life

A

Amount of time that it takes for a radioactive isotope to lose half of it’s matter and energy

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2
Q

Carbon-14 turns into…

A

Nitrogen-14

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3
Q

Uranium always turns to…

A

Lead

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4
Q

Electrons cloud’s first ring max’s out at ____ and the second and third at ________ and then at _____

A

2
8
18

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5
Q

Relate Mass number and Atomic Mass

A

Atomic Mass is the average of the mass numbers of an element taking into consideration the amount that occurs in nature

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6
Q

How would I draw an isotope/ion symbol

A 
Mass number on top left                 charge on top right
# of protons bottom left
symbol in the middle
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7
Q

What makes up nucleus

A

Protons and Neutrons

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8
Q

Cation

A

Positive

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9
Q

Anion

A

Negative

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10
Q

Different number of protons

A

Different element

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11
Q

Different number of neutrons

A

Isotope

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12
Q

Different number of electrons

A

Ion

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13
Q

Dendrochronology

A

Tree ring dating

Andrew Douglass

Wide ring=wet year

Narrow ring=dry ring

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14
Q

Absolute dating

A

Any process that provides the real age of a sample in years

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15
Q

Radioactive Decay

A

The process in which a radioactive isotope loses its matter and energy. During this process a neutron transforms into a proton creating a different element. It continues until the isotope is stable

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16
Q

What order are the Geologic Time Eras in?

A

Precambrian

Paleozoic

Mesozoic

Cenozoic

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17
Q

From what time was the Precambrian Era?

A

Earths formation 4750mya to 542mya

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18
Q

From what time was the Paleozoic Era?

A

542mya-251mya

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19
Q

From what time was the Mesozoic Era?

A

251mya-65mya

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20
Q

From what time was the Cenozoic Era?

A

65mya-now

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21
Q

What happened in the Precambrian Era?

A
  1. The first single called organisms

2. The oxygenation event

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22
Q

What happened in the Paleozoic Era?

A
  1. First fish and plants
  2. First invertebrates
  3. Pangea had formed
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23
Q

What happened in the Mesozoic Era?

A
  1. Rise of the Dinosaurs
  2. First Mammals
  3. Pangea splits
  4. Asteroid hits Yucatán Peninsula and kills the dinosaurs-marks the end of the Mesozoic era and the beginning of the Cenozoic Era
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24
Q

What happened in the Cenozoic Era?

A
  1. Mammals became more dominant
    a. Categorized into Land, Sea, and Flying Mammals
  2. Pangea Moved to current positions
  3. First humans
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25
Q

What is the Nickname for each era?

A

Precambrian-doesn’t have one
Paleozoic-Ancient Life
Mesozoic-Middle Life/Age of Reptiles
Cenozoic-Recent Life/Age of Mammals

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26
Q

During metric conversions, what way do you move the decimal place?

A

Small to Big is Left
Sam Bishop Loser

Big to Small is Right

5 centimeters
0.05 meter

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27
Q

Dimensional Analysis

A

When given a unit from the Metric or English System that you need to convert

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28
Q

Conversion Factor

A

Always given on a test.

Sets the equality between two units. What you multiply during Dimensional Analysis

Ex. 1in=2.54cm

29
Q

Practice Dimensional Analysis:

How many cm is 6ft?
Conversion factor: 1in=2.54cm

A

183cm

6ft 12in 2.54cm
— x —- x ——- = 183cm
1 1ft 1in

30
Q

Absolute Dating

A

Any process that finds the real age of a sample in years

31
Q

Absolute Dating: Radioactive Decay

A

Process in which unstable isotopes lose half of their mass and energy over time, turning into a different element. The process occurs until the element becomes stable.

Measured in half lives

32
Q

Absolute Dating: Dendrochronology

A

Process invented by Andrew Douglass that dates by tree rings.
The study tells us about the earths climate. 1 year=1 ring. A wet year=a wide ring, and a Dry year=a narrow ring

33
Q

Relative Dating

A

The process of putting events into the order in which they chronologically occurred.

Defined by Steno’s 6 Laws

34
Q

Relative Dating: law of superposition

A

Layers on the bottom of rock are older than layers on the top

35
Q

Relative dating: Law of lateral continuity

A

Layers of sediment extend in all directions

Canyon

36
Q

Relative dating: law of original horizontality

A

The settling of sediments is horizontal

Think lake

37
Q

Relative dating: principle of inclusions

A

Pieces of rock found in other rocks are always older

Chocolate chip cookies-the chips would be older

38
Q

Relative dating: principle of crosscutting relationships

A

A vein or faults in a rock is younger than the rock itself

39
Q

Relative dating: fossil succession

A

Provides evidence for how much earths surface has changed over time

Fossils in lower layers are older than those is higher layers

40
Q

The Atom is divided into two parts. What are in the two parts?

A

The nucleus in the electron cloud

41
Q

The nucleus consists of what?

A

Protons and neutrons

Both are roughly the same mass

42
Q

The electron cloud consists of what?

A

Electrons circling the nucleus made up of shells

43
Q

What are the charges of the different types of the atom?

A

Protons are positive
Neutrons are neutral
Electrons are negative

44
Q

Mass number is

A

Number of protons plus the number of neutrons

45
Q

Atomic number is

A

The number of protons

46
Q

Atomic mass is

A

The average of the mass numbers of an element taking into consideration the amount that occurs in nature

47
Q

A different number of protons means

A

A different element

48
Q

A different number of neutrons means

A

An isotope

49
Q

Different number of electrons means

A

An ion

50
Q

Ions can either be…

A

Cations: a positive charge=more protons than electrons

Anions: a negative charge = more electrons than protons

51
Q

How many electrons can be in each shell

A

Two, eight, eight, 18

52
Q
  1. -2
    O
    8

What is the mass number, the atomic number, and the charge and what do they mean

A

Mass Number= 16, p+n=16
Atomic Number=8, p=8
Ion Charge= -2, there are two more electrons than protons

53
Q

The rock cycle

A

Describes how rocks are formed and recycled

54
Q

There are three main types of rocks

A

Igneous: when magma or lava cools and crystallizes

Sedimentary: particles of rocks and minerals or once living things are moved by water, wind, ice, or gravity, and eventually settle in layers. These layers are compacted the form new rock.

Metamorphic: forms one other rocks are changed by heat and pressure

55
Q

Characteristics of igneous rocks

A

Dark or gray

Have crystals

56
Q

Characteristics of sedimentary rocks

A

Layers, fossils, gritty texture

57
Q

Characteristics of metamorphic rock

A

Can have folds, layers, parts of fossils, and crystals

58
Q

Sedimentary rocks use what laws

A

Superposition

Fossil Succession

Original Horizontality

Lateral Continuity

59
Q

Processes that keep rock material moving through the rock cycle

A

Weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction and cementation, metamorphism, and melting and crystallizing

60
Q

Minerals follow a…

A

Crystal lattice structure where crystals grow up against each other in form an interlocking network

Slow cooling results in large crystals
Fast cooling results in small crystals

61
Q

Crystal sizes in igneous are called…

A

Glassy: few to no crystals
Aphanitic: small crystals that cannot be seen without an aid
Phaneritic: small crystals that can be seen
Pegmatitic: exceptionally large crystals

Porphyritic: Mixture of large and small crystals

62
Q

A basin of deposition is…

A

Where solid particles and ions are deposited

Particles accumulate as layers or Strada which are packed down due to gravity forming sediment

63
Q

Lithification

A

conversion of sediment into sedimentary rock via compaction

64
Q

The size of a rock or sediment can be an indicator of what?

A

The length of travel that the piece has traveled

65
Q

Metamorphic rocks form where? Why?

A

Well below the Earth’s surface

Allows for creation of new minerals, band formation, and alignment of old and new crystals

It takes place at temperatures and pressures which fall between those in which sediment is lithified and rocks melt

66
Q

Three changes that occur during metamorphism

A

Recrystallization of minerals to make even larger minerals

Development of new minerals and disappearance of old minerals

Deformation and re-orientation of the old minerals, and growth of new ones

67
Q

Difference between foliated and non-foliated rocks

A

Foliated rocks have minerals aligned in parallel planes

Non-foliated rocks lack parallel orientation and minerals appear interlocked

68
Q

What is a mineral?

A

A solid inorganic object with a defined chemical composition

Freshman Year (6 decks)

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