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2022 - 2023 > Science : The basis of life > Flashcards

Science : The basis of life Flashcards

1
Q

Give examples of living forms of life forms

A
  • Jellyfish
  • Sprouts
  • Tree (If alive)
  • Cells
  • Seed (Embryo of plants)
  • Shelf fungi
  • Egg (If alive)
  • Coral
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2
Q

Give examples of non-living life forms

A
  • Hair
  • Tree (If dead)
  • Viruses (Don’t do anything on their own)
  • Prion proteins
  • Robot
  • Proteins (Organic, simple, molecules)
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3
Q

What are the five criteria used to determine whether or not something is alive

A
  • Living things need energy
  • Living things produce waste
  • Living things respond and adapt to their environment
  • Living things reproduce
  • Living things grow
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4
Q

Why are the 5 criteria not universally agreed upon by scientists?

A

There are additional things like movement, breathing and other things that are included in other people criteria to determine whether or not something is alive

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5
Q

What two creatures are especially problematic to define as living or non-living? Why?

A

Viruses
- Can’t replicate
- Can make us sick
- Needs a host (To perform life functions)
- Doesn’t use energy on their own

Prion
- Simple molecules
- Needs a host (To perform life functions)

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6
Q

What does the word abiogenesis mean?

A

A - Not
Bio - Life
Genesis - Origin

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7
Q

What is the other term for abiogenesis

A

Spontaneous generation
- Early philosophers like Aristotle (384-322 BCE) observed situations where it seemed living things arose from nothing.

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8
Q

How did Redi’s meat and maggots disprove the idea of abiogenesis? What year was it?

A

There was no spontaneous generation, the meat that wasn’t covered had to of been exposed to flys in the environment to grow the maggots.
1626 - 1697

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9
Q

How did Pasteur’s Swan-necked flask disprove the video of abiogenesis? What year was it?

A

“Active principle” in the air that caused things to go bad must be living organisms
1822 - 1895

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10
Q

The idea that life arises only from life was first proposed by … in …?

A

Rudolf Virchow in 1858

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11
Q

What were Robert Hooke’s cell theory and conclusions? What was the year?

A
  • 1635 - 1703
  • Looked through early 30x microscopes
  • Looked at a thin slice of bark from Oaktree

Published his drawings
- Looks at plant cell wall of dead plants
- Discovered cells
- Reminded him of rooms where monks live

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12
Q

What were Antony van Leeuwenhoek’s cell theory and conclusions? What was the year?

A
  • 1673 - 1723
  • Inspired by Robert Hooks drawings
  • Studied blood, cells, pond water and teeth scrapings
  • Spotted “animalcules” moving on teeth
  • One of the first observations of single celled organisms

Wrote about his work
- His observations were thought to explain the basis of life

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13
Q

What were Jacob Schleiden cell theory and conclusions? What was the year?

A
  • 1804 - 1881
  • All plants are made of cells
  • Young cells have nuclei

New cells develop from nuclei

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14
Q

What were Theodor Schwann’s cell theory and conclusions? What was the year?

A
  • 1810 - 1822
  • Animal cells look different from plant cells but also have small spots

Small spots = nuclei
- Animal tissue must have nuclei

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15
Q

What is a theory in science?

A

Carefully thought out explanation or observations in the natural world that has been constructed using the scientific method. Bring together many facts + hypothesis

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16
Q

What is a scientific method?

A

Systematic observations, measurement and experiment and the formation, testing and modification of hypothesis

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17
Q

What is a scientific method?

A

Systematic observations, measurement and experiment and the formation, testing, and modification of hypothesis

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18
Q

Three components of modern cell theory are:

A

a. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
b. The cell is the smallest functional unit of life
c. All cells are produced from other cells

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19
Q

What is the manipulated variable?

A

Changed by the scientist b/c it is what’s being tested

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20
Q

What is the responding variable?

A

Remains the same throughout the experiment

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21
Q

What is the controlled variable?

A

Changes as a result of the manipulated variable

22
Q

The earliest microscopes were … microscopes

A

Single-lens

23
Q

How do scientists grow cells in a laboratory?

A
  1. Cells must be supplied with nutrients
  2. Waste removed
  3. Have ideal conditions to maintain life
24
Q

What is the name of the most famous cell line used for research?

A

HeLa cell line
- Immortal
- Keep reproducing indefinitely

25
Q

Where did the HeLa cell line come from?

A

Come from a woman who had cervical cancer, Henrietta Lacks, who died from the cancer in 1951.
- Used for research

26
Q

What is a gene? What is a gene sequence?

A
  • Sections of long molecules called DNA that hold genetic information
  • DNA is constructed of thousands of molecules subunits
  • Each sub-units contain 1 of 4 kinds of bases
27
Q

What are 3 reasons that doctors might want to sequence a person’s genome

A
  • Diagnostic-treatment
  • Genetic disorders
  • Screen infants in uterus
  • Check for mutations that may increase of cancer
28
Q

How is gene sequencing used to fight cancer?

A
  • Most cancers are caused by damage to genes
  • Mutations a risk cancer
  • Info about gene-sequence helps researchers learn about how the gene affects cell activity
29
Q

What are 3 reasons that doctors might want to sequence a person’s genome

A
  • Diagnostic-treatment
  • Genetic disorders
  • Screen infants in the uterus
  • Check for mutations that may increase of cancer
30
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

“Blank slate”
- Can be used to divide to produce
- All other types of specialized cells

31
Q

Why is stem cell research important?

A

Potential to grow into nerve cells for spinal and injury patients
- Skin injury-burns
- Can divide to become a multitude of cell types
- Treatment of disease

32
Q

What does the term eukryotic cells mean?

A
  • More xomplex cells, that have a membrane-bound nucleaus and specialized organelles
33
Q

What does the term eukryotic cells mean?

A
  • More complex cells, that have a membrane-bound nucleus and specialized organelles
  • Makeup plants, animals, fungi and protists
34
Q

How are prokaryotic cells different from eurkyotic cells?

A

“Simple cells”
- Lacking a membrane-bound nucleus

35
Q

Examples of a prokaryotic cell

A

Bacteria and Archea

36
Q

What is the function of the cell wall in a cell?

A
  • Rigid
  • Provides support
  • Middle contains pectin and old cell together
37
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm in a cell?

A
  • Jelly-like substance that contains organelles
38
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm in a cell?

A
  • The power plant of the cell
  • Sugar and oxygen combine to release walls and carbon dioxide and energy by chemical bonds breaking
39
Q

What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

A
  • The control center of the cell
  • Contains DNA, and RNA; for cell division and protein synthesis
40
Q

What is the function of the Vacuole in a cell?

A
  • Storage space for sugar, minerals, proteins
41
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

A
  • Series of canals that carry material throughout the cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes attach secrete proteins
42
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

A
  • Series of canals that carry material throughout the cytoplasm
  • synthesizes fat/lipids
43
Q

What is the function of the ribosome in a cell?

A
  • Synthesizes proteins
  • Cell structure, growth and maintenance
  • Found free or in ER
44
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast in a cell?

A
  • Responsible for photosynthesis
45
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane in a cell?

A
  • Double layer
  • Selective permeable
  • Controls what comes in and out of cells
46
Q

What is the function of the golgi body in a cell?

A
  • Stores and rearranges proteins
  • Releases vesicles
  • Allow hormones and enzymes to be released from cells
47
Q

What is the function of the lysosome in a cell?

A
  • Contains digestive enzymes
  • Break down food particles and foreign inaders
48
Q

What is the function of the centrioles in a cell?

A
  • Small protein bodies
  • Attach spindle fibers during mitosis
  • Hold organelles in place
49
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus in a cell?

A

Makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA.

50
Q

What is the function of the nuclear membrane in a cell?

A

Acts as a barrier that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

51
Q

Two structures that are present in plant cells but not in animal cells

A
  1. Cell walls
  2. Chloroplasts
52
Q

How are the mitochondria and chloroplast different from other organelles

A

They produce energy and have their own DNA

2022 - 2023 (10 decks)

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