Science : From cell to organism Flashcards
What is the word equation for photosynthesis
Water, carbon dioxide, and light energy combine to form oxygen and glucose (sugar).
What organelle does photosynthesis take place in?
In the chloroplast.
What are the two “parts” to a photosynthesis reaction?
- Light reaction in thylakoid of chloroplasts
- Calvin cycle in chloroplasts stroma
What are epidermal cell’s functions and whats their structure?
Protective layer to cover plant leaf.
- Covers upper + lower surface
- Tightly knit
- 1 Layer thick
What is the cuticle function?
A waxy substance coats the cells to prevent the evaporation of water in the leaf.
- Layer of lipid polymer with waxes
What are palisade tissue cell’s functions and whats their structure?
Photosynthetic cells.
- Long + narrow: Like columns closely packed-very efficient for photosynthesizing
- Full of chloroplasts
What are spongy tissue cell’s functions and whats their structure?
- Just below palisade tissue cells
- Round + loosely packed
- Structure helps cells to exchange gases + water with environment
What are somata’s functions and what is their structure?
- Allows gases in and out of the leaf (CO2 + O2 in and out)
- Most located on the underside of the leaf
What are guard cell’s functions and what is their structure?
- Each stoma is flanked by 2 guard cells, which regulate the stoma size
- Size + shape of guard cells in changeable to open or close stoma
What are the two types of vascular tissue cells?
- Xylem + Pholem
What does xylem carry?
Water + minerals from the roots to the leafs.
What does phloem carry?
Sugars produced by the leaves of various parts of the plant.
How are xylem and phloem arranged?
In vascular bundles.
What advantages do multicellular organisms gave?
- Larger size
- A variety of specialized cells
- Ability to thrive in a broad range of environments
What is included in the cell? What is an example in animals? And is an example in plants?
The most basic unit of organization in organisms.
- Eukaryotes + Prokaryotes
Animals - Skin cells
Plants - Spongy tissue cells
What is included in the tissue? What is an example in animals? And is an example in plants?
Cells that are similar + cluster together
Animals - Liver tissue, muscle tissue
Plants - Epidermal cells, later sheet of epidermal cells
What is included in the organ? What is an example in animals? And is an example in plants?
Multiple tissues can be arranged in combination to form an organ.
Animals - Heart, muscle tissue, nerve tissue
Plants - Roots, stems, leaves
What is included in the system? What is an example in animals? And is an example in plants?
Organs + tissues throughout the body perform a shared complex function.
Animals - Digestive system
Plants - Vascular system
What is included in the whole organism? What is an example in animals? And is an example in plants?
The body system comes together to work in conjunction with all systems.
Animals - Cats, dogs, people
Plants - House plants, trees
Why is having a watery environment inside the plant tissue important for gas exchange?
When plants have enough water, guard cells are plump and full of water (turgid) Guard cells push against one another to allow free flow of gases + water vapor.
- When low water, guard cells become less rigid (flaccid)
- Close step gas exchange
What does the plant do with the Carbon Dioxide that it takes in through the stomata? What is produced in this process?
CO2 diffused down the concentration gradient dissolving into the watery film around the cells - Then diffuses into cells, produces O2 + ATP + Sugar.
By what process do Carbon Dioxide and water enter and exit the stroma?
Diffusion
How do gasses enter and exit the stems of woody plants?
Lenticels
How do plants prevent themselves from becoming severely dehydrated?
Stomata closes at night - No photosynthesis at night anyways without sunlight.
Why can’t plants that don’t have enough water grow as quickly as plants that have an abundant supply of water?
If plant can’t get water, they can’t photosynthesize - can’t make sugar, can’t grow.
