Science : From cell to organism

Question 1

What is the word equation for photosynthesis

Answer 1

Water, carbon dioxide, and light energy combine to form oxygen and glucose (sugar).

Question 2

What organelle does photosynthesis take place in?

Answer 2

In the chloroplast.

Question 3

What are the two “parts” to a photosynthesis reaction?

Answer 3

1. Light reaction in thylakoid of chloroplasts
2. Calvin cycle in chloroplasts stroma

Question 4

What are epidermal cell’s functions and whats their structure?

Answer 4

Protective layer to cover plant leaf.
- Covers upper + lower surface
- Tightly knit
- 1 Layer thick

Question 5

What is the cuticle function?

Answer 5

A waxy substance coats the cells to prevent the evaporation of water in the leaf.
- Layer of lipid polymer with waxes

Question 6

What are palisade tissue cell’s functions and whats their structure?

Answer 6

Photosynthetic cells.
- Long + narrow: Like columns closely packed-very efficient for photosynthesizing
- Full of chloroplasts

Question 7

What are spongy tissue cell’s functions and whats their structure?

Answer 7

• Just below palisade tissue cells
• Round + loosely packed
• Structure helps cells to exchange gases + water with environment

Question 8

What are somata’s functions and what is their structure?

Answer 8

• Allows gases in and out of the leaf (CO2 + O2 in and out)
• Most located on the underside of the leaf

Question 9

What are guard cell’s functions and what is their structure?

Answer 9

• Each stoma is flanked by 2 guard cells, which regulate the stoma size
• Size + shape of guard cells in changeable to open or close stoma

Question 10

What are the two types of vascular tissue cells?

Answer 10

1. Xylem + Pholem

Question 11

What does xylem carry?

Answer 11

Water + minerals from the roots to the leafs.

Question 12

What does phloem carry?

Answer 12

Sugars produced by the leaves of various parts of the plant.

Question 13

How are xylem and phloem arranged?

Answer 13

In vascular bundles.

Question 14

What advantages do multicellular organisms gave?

Answer 14

1. Larger size
2. A variety of specialized cells
3. Ability to thrive in a broad range of environments

Question 15

What is included in the cell? What is an example in animals? And is an example in plants?

Answer 15

The most basic unit of organization in organisms.
- Eukaryotes + Prokaryotes

Animals - Skin cells
Plants - Spongy tissue cells

Question 16

What is included in the tissue? What is an example in animals? And is an example in plants?

Answer 16

Cells that are similar + cluster together

Animals - Liver tissue, muscle tissue
Plants - Epidermal cells, later sheet of epidermal cells

Question 17

What is included in the organ? What is an example in animals? And is an example in plants?

Answer 17

Multiple tissues can be arranged in combination to form an organ.

Animals - Heart, muscle tissue, nerve tissue
Plants - Roots, stems, leaves

Question 18

What is included in the system? What is an example in animals? And is an example in plants?

Answer 18

Organs + tissues throughout the body perform a shared complex function.

Animals - Digestive system
Plants - Vascular system

Question 19

What is included in the whole organism? What is an example in animals? And is an example in plants?

Answer 19

The body system comes together to work in conjunction with all systems.

Animals - Cats, dogs, people
Plants - House plants, trees

Question 20

Why is having a watery environment inside the plant tissue important for gas exchange?

Answer 20

When plants have enough water, guard cells are plump and full of water (turgid) Guard cells push against one another to allow free flow of gases + water vapor.
- When low water, guard cells become less rigid (flaccid)
- Close step gas exchange

Question 21

What does the plant do with the Carbon Dioxide that it takes in through the stomata? What is produced in this process?

Answer 21

CO2 diffused down the concentration gradient dissolving into the watery film around the cells - Then diffuses into cells, produces O2 + ATP + Sugar.

Question 22

By what process do Carbon Dioxide and water enter and exit the stroma?

Answer 22

Diffusion

Question 23

How do gasses enter and exit the stems of woody plants?

Answer 23

Lenticels

Question 24

How do plants prevent themselves from becoming severely dehydrated?

Answer 24

Stomata closes at night - No photosynthesis at night anyways without sunlight.

Question 25

Why can’t plants that don’t have enough water grow as quickly as plants that have an abundant supply of water?

Answer 25

If plant can’t get water, they can’t photosynthesize - can’t make sugar, can’t grow.